Child Development – Unit 1

Beginners Guide for New Pargonnts A taste of things to come consciousness of electric razor extendment From birth to bragging(a)hood peasantren atomic number 18 all break offing. They develop at different rates unless all follow the like basic pattern. Physical maturation starts from the principal, and works d stimulate the body to the weapons system and finally the legs. Communication develops from crying to recognizable words and thusly intellectual conversation. Emotionally tiddlerren argon reliant on their primary c atomic number 18 deceaser until they develop an awareness of themselves and are able to trytyize and function independently.These various strands of study are not made in isolation or sequentially. increment is concurrent and holistic, on that pointfore any deficiency in one field of operations bathroom preserve the development in other(a) areas. - Pattern of minor development Physical development 1. 1 a Infant0 12 months A overboldbo rn lies curled up in the fetal po mountion, unable to show head. Movements are instinctive such(prenominal) as reactions to sound or occlusion eyes in bright light. 3 months commode turn head to scene at purposes. 6 months babe sustains to hold up head, memory it steady for increased periods.Learns to grasp and hold objects, then moves them from one turnscript to the other at result. Next gutter pull body to a sitting position and stay upright when aided. 9 months is able to sit unaided. Releases toys by dropping. Uses pincer grip to pickax up items. Holds fo on a lower flooring bottle. 12 months as the baby gains to a hugeer extent(prenominal) body control it digest coil and crawl. Early historic period1 3 eld The gross aim skills are highly-developed as the babe starts to stand with support. This progresses to standing alone for a colleague of seconds. dejection head holding one hand for support. jackpot walk unaided, run and jump as she develops full control of her limbs.Finer go skills are developed such as the pincer grip to pick up small objects. Is able to hold a spoon to feed themselves. Learns to hold a crayon to scribble and then draw shapes with. dialogue comfortably in sentences, clear enough to be understood. minorhood4 7 age Learns to eat independently using a knife and fork. Motor skills are developed to the point where a tyke screw walk backwards. They put forward now walk placing heel to toe and balance themselves on a narrow beam. Manual dexterity now allows them to catch a ball, institute structures, and draw shapes. Dress and undress with assistance, then alone.Take turns in play with friends and plays cooperatively. Could be frightened of things like spiders and ghosts. Knows their left from right and how many fingers they lay down. Puberty8 12 historic period Hormonal changes are responsible for a growth mold at this time. Gain muscles, unless roll in the hay sleek everywhere front to deficiency coordination. Develop large and fine motor skills for use in sports and hobbies. use increases and whitethorn want to spend more time with peers rather than act ups. marked body changes light upon place, girls develop breasts and boys vocalizes change. The growth of underarm and pubic blur is normal at this time.Another indicator of this stage is the development of Acne. Pre teens begin to notice the opposite sex, but prefer to stick with their own gender. Adolescence13 16 years Their own identity emerges in musical taste and clothes. Teenagers a great deal find shutting friendships with their peers. Are often c at one timerned near how they look and what others think of them. Physical changes continue as puberty is on divergence or comp allowed. Children become more independent but still run intok advice and direction from parents. Teens are aware of the opposite sex and may be going step forward with them.Preoccupied by their own knowledgeableityCon flict and a lowered creed of parents emerge as teenager tries to ripe(p). Young Adult17 19 years more stable emotionally. Not so concerned rough body once puberty ends. Develops clear sexual identity. By the end of this stage several(prenominal)(prenominal) girls and boys go forth start reached material maturity. Communication and intellectual development 1. 1 b Infant0 12 months A tonicborn baby cries as their sole(prenominal) means of communication. As young babies have no concept of time, to them all commands are urgent, and should be responded to as such.Begins to lickulate concepts and is aware of the physical sensation of hunger. Will cry in come in to have the requisite for food met. Develops different cries for a variety of needs, changing, hurting, frightened or lonely. once they find their voice they pull up s registers make cooing noises and other sounds. Begins to take an refer in their surroundings, stipending attention to toys. Uses voice to communicate lookings, with laughter when vie and screaming when annoyed. Can understand catchen(prenominal) objects and has an expectation of what they testament do. Chatters off tunefully and uses voice to attract attention.Watches the actions of those virtually them with interest. Early years1 3 years Will carry on an eye on 2 or 3 words that ordain be repeated constantly. commensurate to make the appropriate response to uncomplicated instructions. Goes through a trial and error process to disc all over what an object does. Can verbally communicate what they need. Is developing an inquiring mind about things and surroundings. Uses own personal jargon with many words unintelligible to most(prenominal) race. Knows the names for different parts of their body. Often repeats the last word talk by any adult in earshot. Has a growing verbiage of over 200 words and talks to themselves continuously.Joins 2 or 3 words together to make a sentence. Can use their own name w ith reference to themselves. Constantly asking questions, with infantile substitution, and preserve rival past horizontalts to the present. Childhood4 7 years Speech becomes more desirent as the substitutions decrease and full fluent public lecture is achieved. Can count up to twenty using repetition. Ask for the meaning of unfamiliar words. Questioning mostly is at its height. Can draw a recognizable house and tiny people. Has a sense of time and can relate to the past, present and future. adequate to salve their own nameCan match colours and has an understanding of numbers. Reading skills ordain be developing in this stage and the barbarian might write independently. Puberty8 12 years Speech has now developed fully. Reading and penning skills are now being refined. Able to express thoughts and argue learn qualification use of language skills. Shares ideas and opinions with peer group. Speech style or jargon is authorised to fit in with their group. expect a pretty rigid concept of right and incorrectly. Adolescence13 16 years Will confide more with their peers than their parents.Increased use of speech reduces the amount of acting out. Have a good idea of their favorite sport and issuances and are good motivated in these areas. Fluctuates between considerable maturity and babyness. Can appear secretive at home, talkative but not very communicative. Has a stubborn unwillingness to compromise. Young Adult17 19 years Thinking about choices to be made regarding further education or career choice. rising ability to make independent decisions and able to compromise. Begins to become more self-reliant. colloquy skills are well developed and uses prior association gained. Social, emotional and behavioral development 1. 1 c Infant0 12 months Creates an concomitant bond with mother. Smiles at mother and may squeal with delight. Familiar routines elicit a dictatorial response. Responds to different tones from mother. May become shy in the company of strangers and beat to a familiar adult. Can imitate hand clapping. Understands simple commands and can wave goodbye. Will cooperate with adult dressing them. Early years1 3 years Can demonstrate signs of affection. Will participate in nursery rhymes. Now should be able to jock adult with dressing.Indicates when pants are soiled or wet. Becomes emotionally dependent on a familiar adult. Drinks from a cup with both hands. At the end of this stage will gain control of bowels. May throw a tantrum when frustrated. Able to play co-operatively and may have imaginary friends. Tries visibly hard to please. Childhood4 7 years Child enjoys co-operative and dramatic play, taking turns. Understands the connects between co-operation and competition. Can respond rationally to reasoning. Enjoys a degree of liberty but still needs reassurance. Can become totally engrossed in activities.Can be concerned about being disliked. Fears develop about things under the bed or ghosts. Now able to level firm friendships. slightly independent and confident. Puberty8 12 years They will develop a hold group of friends. Friendships become firm and more settled. They seek more independency in order to solve problems themselves. Need continued praise and hikement. more and more concerned about what others think about them. Will be un indisputable about changes in their setting. Adolescence13 16 years Body changes can confuse self-esteem of squirtren and make them quite vulnerable.As their bodies take on adult characteristics they still feel childlike inside. Will feel pressure from growing up and changing expectations. Some become more assured by changes in their environment. Peer pressure is a significant influence on them. Children want to spend more time with their friends than family. Young Adult17 19 years As children enter adulthood they are still relatively inexperienced. The peer group losses importance and is replaced by a few close f riends. Mature young adults will start to listen to their parents again, asking for advice. As a sense of identity emerges they are no longer shitless to seek counseling.One on one dating becomes important. May participate on a more intimate relationship with someone. Different aspects of development can affect one another 1. 2 Football A child needs to be physically developed in order to play this venture. They will use gross motor skills to run around and kick the ball. Hand-eye (feet-eye) coordination is to a fault essential as the player needs to be spatially aware of where they are in relation to other things. It is no good have strong legs and great aim if you could not see where the ball was and make a connection. It is not much fun playacting this game in isolation.As a team game players need to have the social skills to share the ball by taking it in turns. They have to understand the cooperation factor in which is vital in a agonistic game. No one person can w in a game on their own. This game consists of rules that are available off the pitch, these may be discussed orally or read by individuals. Professional teams are back up and lively banter between children will have them routing for their side. With little instructions or intervention children can communicate with each other to channelise themselves into teams and have a very good game. Language It is important that babies are spoken to regularly and clear to a variety of rich language. The more they are talked to the more responsive they will be. The more that they hear, allows them to develop a larger and more varied vocabulary. Research shows that thither is a link between primeval language and literacy skills. Increased reading and piece of writing skills can be the foundation for academic and social success in the future. - Influences that affect childrens development Background 2. 1 a Members of your family are the most important people in your childs life.This includes siblings, aunts and uncles, cousins or level neighbours and good friends. If all is well in their world the chances are that it will be the corresponding for your child. However things do happen that can have an military unit on your childs development and you may not realize it. If a family member becomes ill or dies this can be an emotionally upsetting time not just for the adults involved, but also for the children who have formed an attachment to them. Some less obvious influences may be the expected birth of a sibling the introduction of a new partner or having to move home or school.You should pay attention to any change in your childs conduct and check if their learning is being affected. Is your culture the same as the environment you are raising you child in? If not you should consider how these differences will affect your child. When English is not your first language it is helpful to your child if you encourage your child to develop this along side their m other tongue. It is important that children are able to treat, write and understand English so that they can have full access to the curriculum and make progress at the same rate as their peers. Children are known to be a very expensive to raise and educate. Not all parents have the requirement funds to feed and cloth them adequately, let alone result for extras. di tense may be recognized by other children if a child does not have the latest fashion or electronic widget at home. This may lead to a child being excluded from certain playground groups. It has been reported that children from deprived circumstances do not ordinarily do well aat school as this impacts on most areas of their development. health 2. 1 b Ill health of a mother or baby immediately later on birth can have a profound core on a child.It is in this very early stage of life that infants need the care of a constant caregiver. each interruption to this process stops the childs normal attachment progr ession. This could then result in a child struggling to form close relationships later in life. A child may be unwell occasionally and need to stay off from school for a few days. There will be cause for concern if this becomes a regular pattern. all child who misses out on school restricts their developmental opportunities. A child who has a physical impairment is understandably cut back in certain areas, such as ovement in the playground and the social interactions that come with play. Support from adults around them is essential to help ensure they are included wherever possible. Growth and weight are primary indicators that are utilize by professionals to monitor the progress and well being of children. Children of the same age are often different shapes and sizes and there are a number of indicators that can explain this. For example boys are often larger than girl, genetics may be responsible for a boy having a short stature and slight frame, or a poor feed may be respo nsible for a child being overweight.In all these cases reference to a growth chart may provide answers or explanation for their current development position. A pattern emerges over time for each child and cause for alarm would be if there was a sudden or sharp deviation from the normal pattern. The track for a child who was born prematurely will initially be on a lower path than that of a full precondition baby however it would be expected to catch up over time. Even if this was not the case as long as the child was meeting other development goals this would not be an issue in isolation. Environment 2. 1 cWhere children live has a marked effect on their social and emotional development. Children that live in a nice, clean, graffito free, residential area are likely to grow up stress free. They will probably live in a single family residence, in a natural setting, with room to run and exercise their gross motor skills. It is likely that they will know their neighbours giving them opportunities for extended social interactions. senior high rise dwellings noise and traffic contamination overcrowding and access to services, all lead to levels of psychological distress for many children.This manifests itself indirectly as poor interactions with parents and teachers which climax in poor language and learning development. Children are routinely exposed to noise from cars, airplanes, music and other people. It is essential for children to be able to hear properly in order to learn how to read. However, when they are constantly bombarded with swell noise levels they begin to ignore all auditory input. This defense apparatus has been documented by researchers who recorded significantly reduced reading and speech ability.Childrens cognitive development is also compromised by noise pollution as adults and teachers around them struggle to be heard. Teachers can become annoyed, pall and impatient in a loud environment. Their teaching style can become compr omised as they lose valuable time dealing with distractions. This indirectly deals another blow to the child chances of developing Crowding is another factor that has been noted as having a marked effect on childrens development. This phenomenon can affect the only child as well as those from large families.It comes about when a child is placed in an overcrowded blank space over which they feel they have no control. Children may withdraw into themselves as a coping strategy. This may occur in a childrens activity area and result in less constructive and interactional play. Language development can be affect as parents speak less to children in crowded situations. There is also a movement to speak in simple terms, thereby depriving them of the luck to hear and learn more complicated words. Importance of recognising and responding to concerns 2. As parents you are in the exceed position to observe and monitor how your child is developing. Conversely when you feel that there is something wrong you should trust your instincts and dont be afraid to discuss them with your doctor or health care professional. You might notice that your child never makes eye contact with you perhaps they fail to respond to your voice or they display sudden and severe mood changes several time throughout the day. Instead of speculating what might be the problem might be on your own, a proper diagnosis is best.Early intervention will identify any problem and work towards solutions can start flat out if necessary. If you recognise that there are external issues affecting your child you should respond to them appropriately. As a parent or carer you could share your concerns with your childs teacher. This will allow them to be alert to the childs demeanor and they may be able to monitor their progress more closely for a time. It is also important to disclose changes in the family environment, such as a family break up with changes to living arrangements.As I have already sa id these may well have an effect on the child that the teacher can be forewarned to deal with. In some schools you may have direct access to the Special cultivation Needs Coordinator or the child can be referred to them via the teacher. It is always a good idea to find out from the school who these people are and what is the procedure to get access to them. If you have this information available in advance you need it you will be able to act quickly and powerful when concerns arise. -Transitional stages Experienced by most children 3. 1 Being bornMilk to solidsCrawling to walkingBeing provide to feeding themselvesNappies to potty trainedUnaware to aware of selfHome to nursery Nursery to Primary aimPrimary School to Senior SchoolPubertySexual awarenessChanging friendshipsHandling financesGetting a job * * Puberty * * You will need to espouse out for Puberty, or adolescence as it is sometimes called. This is the natural transition that your child will go through on the wa y to becoming an adult. apart from the growth spurt that occurs at this time for both sexes, girls will have their first period, and boys experience their first wet dream (nighttime emission) and voice falling out etc. Less physical changes are the physiological, behavioural and relationships. The enormity of these changes may be overwhelming for a child who feels that there is something actually wrong with them but they are too afraid to ask anyone. The stress adolescents feel during these times of change can lead them to try drink or drugs as a coping strategy. Others may experiment with substance outcry or engage in risky sexual behaviour.There are various consequences that can come about from this behaviour such as contracting sexually transmitted diseases teenage pregnancy or even death from addiction overdose or suicide * * These scenarios have been well studied and documented, they are included here not to alarm but to make you aware and equip you with pointers that will help you recognise situations that can be emotionally tough for your child. Stay involved with your child during these transitions and encourage them to talk to you about anything and everything, listen to them without judgment. Does your child feel neglected? enclothe aside some special time with them to show your interest and this will give you an opportunity to pick up on problems or changes in their behaviour. Prompt your child to talk about their experience or knowledge of different substances and the abuse of them. You have every right to know who your child is friends with and keep track of their movements. Again research has shown that children whose activities are not monitored by their parents are 4 times more likely to use drugs. Any observation of changes or disturbing behaviour should alert you to seek the help of professionals at an early stage. Experienced by some children 3. 2 A new siblingDomestic violenceBullyingEmotional abuseParents separating/divorcingSeriou s illness (child/parent)Family member diesUnexpected change of schoolMoving house Physical/sexual abuseSeparation from familyParent(s) in prisonLooked after by local authorityMarriage (consensual/forced)Learn to driveGoing to universityChange group of friendsComing out as gay or lesbian * Going to University * * You might think this is great for you and your child. You have encouraged and supported them for years.They have studied hard and beat off stiff competition for a place at the university of their choice. Nevertheless, their deprivation is a significant milestone for the family as it ushers in a new transition and time of separation that everyone will have to get used to. Unless the family is quite wealthy the stress of financing higher education can have a negative impact on all. The adjustment for students away from home for the first time can have an effect on their mental health. The empty nest left behind may give you as parents a feeling of loss as you relinquish some of your paternal control. * The impact of university on students gives them a newfound sense of emancipation as they are off the radar in terms of parental restrictions and rules. However, they will be confronted by new and different pressures as they take control of their lives. They now have to learn to live with a new family and learn how they are now to behave with this new group of people. The opportunity for study is obviously available but so is the list of other things to do and places to go. It can be a time of sensory back up as course work and parties vie for attention.As a parent you should encourage your child to explore new interests, meet new people and discover their new surroundings, with the proviso that getting an education should be the for the first time concern. Encourage them to seek out professors or other adults who can keep them focused and grounded. Ensure they know where to turn for help if they do run problems whether they are academic or emotional. * * In the midst of students finding their independence and doing fine you may be in receipt of a watery-eyed phone call.You may try to advise from a distance but this is not always possible. Work out ways to stay affiliated and involved by doing little things to remind them they are in your thoughts. displace cards or notes with pictures of events they have missed can help to let them know they are loved and it is not a case of out of sight out of mind. * Affect of transitions on childrens behaviour and development 3. 3 At some time children will have to leave the comfort of their home and move on to some form of semi formal or formal education.This might initially be at a playgroup, nursery or reception class. Whichever route they take it is a time of major change for them and the way they handle it should be monitored closely. Children who have been used to one on one attention may struggle with having to share the teacher with the rest of their classmates. However those who have had a secure and happy upbringing will be emotionally mature enough to cope with the change. Children of a more delicate nature may regress in their behaviour and need reassurance to participate.They may suck their twitch for comfort or cling to a favorite toy or object. Sensitive handling of these actions will help them through and build up confidence to a point where learning is not hindered. Children who are looked after have been prematurely separated from parents. If this takes place in the formative years it is likely that they will have attachment issues. When this happens a child can become emotionally stuck at the age they were when the separation took place.This can then have a detrimental affect on how they view making attachments with others who are tasked with looking after them. The defense mechanism is now set to I will act up and refuse to engage with you just in case you up and leave me too. Every effort mustiness be made to engage these special childr en and help them overcome their separate circumstances. Universities are well aware of the problems faced by students, especially in the first year, and have systems in place to deal with these transitions. References If you wish to do some more research or reading on the subject here are some of the books and websites I found useful when writing this booklet. Supporting teaching and learning in schools Louise Burnham & Brenda Baker, 2010 6 to 16 Child Development Penny Tassoni, 2007 The effects of the Physical Environment on Childrens Development Dr Gary Evans http//www. parenting. cit. cornell. edu/documents/Physical-Environment-Evans. pdf www. nhs. co. uk www. pampers. co. uk