Investigational New Drug Review Process

INVESTIGATIONAL peeled DRUG suss out execute Investigational parvenu medicine analyze Process Prashanth Kumar Ponugoti Northeastern University INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW parade Abstract Investigational New dose (IND) go over process begins from the date the betray files investigation saucy-make do medicates application and the purpose of the canvass is to confirm the rubber and efficacy of the patient for the dose.Moreover in the process of check into if the suss out committee notifies any deficiencies by the new dose beca practise thither volition be a clinical however if there are no deficiencies the drug will be approved for new drug application and will be under continuous review to make sure , that the drug does not cause any effectiveness harm. This entire step wise process of review is explained in the side by side(p) paper INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS The following hightail it chart gives an overview of the IND review process Applican t (Drug shop)IND Review by CDER statistical Pharmacology/ Toxicology Medical Chemistry Sponsor Submits New Data preventive Review Safety acceptable for study to proceed Clinical prevent Decision reveal Sponsor Complete reviews Reviews Complete and Acceptable? Sponsor Notified of Deficiencies No Deficiencies Study Ongoing INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS I. Applicant (Drug friend) An applicant or the patronize is a person or a group who takes responsibility and initiates for the investigation of new drug.A person separate than an individual that uses virtuoso or more of its own employees to subscribe to an investigation that it has initiated is a sponsor. The sponsor may be an individual, partnership, government agency, private agency, or any other organization and moreover the sponsor does not select the investigation process unless the sponsor is a sponsor-investigator. The applications are submitted to Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) Food and Drug ad ministration Document and Records divide 5901-B Ammendale Rd. Beltsville, Md. 20705-1266 II.Investigational New Drug Application Sponsor thinks well-nigh new drug application when he has a successful results in preclinical studies (The studies mannered in animals to find the use of drug in charitable and mark refuge and efficacy) in other words it is the step taken after the successful preclinical studies to continue further studies that is clinical campaign in valet de chambre. During the conduct of preclinical trial, step by step tuition of the process is put down as data and stored. Thus stored information is helpful in weft an IND. The information is as follows A. Animal Pharmacology and toxicology studiesB. Manufacturing Information C. Clinical protocols and investigators information Animal Pharmacology and toxicology studies The studies conducted in animals to ensure the use of the product is passably safe for initial testing in human beings. Manufacturing Humans This is the information obtained from manufacturing, computer memory, composition, storage and stability, for manufacturing of drug substance and product. Clinical protocols and investigators information protocols for proposed clinical studies to judge whether the initial- phase angle trials will expose subjects to spare risks.Information on the qualifications of clinical investigatorsprofessionals who oversee the administration of the experimental compoundto assess whether they are qualified to fulfill their clinical trial duties. The IND is not a marketing approval but The IND is the means by means of which the sponsor officially obtains this exemption from the FDA however, its main intention is to detail the data that provide documentation that it is indeed reasonable to proceed with certain human trials with the drug. Types of INDs i. Investigator INDs ii. Emergency Use INDs and iii.Treatment IND After the submission of the IND to the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) committee it checks thoroughly the medical, alchemy, toxicological, and statistical data INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS These terms are explained below in detail III. Medical Review Medical in addition called as clinical review is conducted by medical officers or physicians to ensure the initial use of the drug in patients and are safe to use . This review is also conducted by the non medical officers based upon the data available from the re clinical studies.Medical review plays a major(ip) role in new drug review process and is an initiating step for the test of the drug in humans however it is an important step to be conducted and based upon the results obtained from the review it has a further scope to apply for next steps that is to file new drug application. During this review process the medical reviewers or physicians evaluate the clinical trial protocol for to determine A. If the participants will be protected from unnecessary risks and B. If the study de sign will provide data relevant to the caoutchouc and effectiveness of the drug.However the safety of the drug is taken by the sponsor during the phase I studies but during phase II, III, and IV Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must also ensure the safety of the medicament in humans for market approval. IV. Chemistry Review Each review committee has an chemistry review subdivision for reviewing the chemistry of the drug and the agenda of this chemistry department is to address issues related to drug identity, manufacturing control, and analysis. The reviewing committee ensures that the investigational new drug is adequately reproducible and stable.If the drug is neither adequately reproducible nor stable wherefore(prenominal) the chances of approval for IND are less because they are not sure about the drugs action in the body, and dont know what it does. So the major purpose of chemistry review is i. To ensure that the compound is adequately reproducible ii. To ensure that th e compound is adequately stable In addition to this the sponsor should discuss any manufacturing and chemistry differences between the drug product proposed for the clinical use and drug product used in animal toxicology studies.However these differences capability affect the safety profile of the drug product and need to be stated if there are no differences. V. Pharmacology or Toxicology Review This committee is a group of pharmacologists and toxicologists who evaluate the results of animal testing made during the clinical trial and compare it with the voltage effects in humans. That is to ensure safety of the humans for the new drug. i. Pharmacology and Drug Distribution (21 CFR 312. 23(a)(8)(I)) This is nada but absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug in the animals.These results should be obtained by conducting them in animals, so it should be recorded with an example. Moreover this should not be a reason for the clinical hold because these rae the stu dies conducted in phase one of the IND and where FDA feels it as sponsor great responsibility factor for the drug in achieving safety and efficacy to the humans. ii. Toxicology Data (21 CFR 312. 23(a)(8)(ii)(a)) INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS Toxicology data is mandatory from both vitro and vivo studies, because particular studies depend upon nature of the drug and phase of human investigation.VI. Safety Review After submission of the IND to the CDER and so the committee takes about good 30 days to conduct review in every factor to achieve safety and efficacy and to reverse say-so harm to the human. The review is an ongoing process however CDER notifies the sponsor immediately if there are any potential high risks associated with the drug upon usage in humans. If a notification is sent to sponsor therefore it is clear that the application is put on hold and the sponsor should conduct enough studies to clear the hold.This hold will be remote and allows the sponsor for f urther studies only when changes made to the clinical hold achieve the safety and efficacy and does not case potential risks. If the sponsor is not notified with any information from CDER from the day of IND submission to the 30 th day then on the 31st- day further study can be proceeded as submitted. VII. Clinical Hold Decision The Clinical hold is issued in during the thirty day review period and this is due to the following factors 1. The drug causes potential harm to the humans 2.If drug is not having enough stability 3. The IND does not contain sufficient information required under 312. 23 to assess the risks to subjects of the proposed studies 4. The plan or protocol for the investigation is clearly deficient in design to meet its stated objectives. And CDER can hold the studies during the initial phases of the studies that is when filed for IND if observes potential risks on the data submitted initially. The Clinical hold will be removed if the sponsor addresses the issue bas ed on the hold before the site is removed.In addition the clinical holds are reviewed by higher authorities of CDER to moderate scientific quality and consistency in the Centers clinical hold decisions. IX. Notify Sponsor X. Sponsor Notified of Deficiencies XI. Study Ongoing Xii. Conclusion.. Page 17 and page 18 lo matter unnnadhi use gooogle search for material if required and provide the refrence where ever u grab the material Refrences http//www. accessdata. fda. gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch. cfm? fr=312. 42 http//www. fda. gov/downloads/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/CDER/ManualofPoliciesProcedures/ucm082022. pdf

Economic and social conditions Essay

If one is non historic, then it was unscientific. The diachronic process that had commenced for millennia in the development of societies was a product of scientific processes and sin versa. Friedrich Engels had greatly contri exclusivelyed to the exposition of historical dynamics. A history that was ever ever-changing was always in constant contradiction with the forces within and without. As it had been by all odds asserted, historical actualism macrocosm a part of a dialectic philosophy was not just narrowly limited to a reading.It was a scientific process wherein events were investigated and researched. From these gathered data a speculation was derived and tested or compared if that assertion applied to universal condition. History hence was a result of contradictions, a making of man, not just but a compilation of events that transpired in the past. Only in much(prenominal) a way that history became a science. Thus Engels, a true basal in his time, presented history according to the material basis of the existence of societies.He discussed the evolution of such societies as subsequent effects of the past that were forever playing interconnected and interwoven stories. These stories without the new(prenominal) were simply incomplete, hence unscientific. here(predicate) he illustrated the formation of history as a result of valet de chambres struggle to attain its aims, therefore its give creation and its own being. However, Engels history did not consider man simply a being with presupposed actions, knowledge or decisions. To him man was a becoming which had moulded the society that he belongs to.His propensity to survive had been inseparably intertwined with the progress of the economy and to all other aspects of social existence Facts and figures were simply not what history was. Facts and figures did say something but not substantially anything. History was a correlation and interrelationships between and among facts and figures. Withou t determination those connections, these facts and figures were mere ink and paper insignificant. Hitherto, Engels whole kit and boodle remained to be of great run in the struggles of oppressed peoples and of the international proletariat.This came into reality because Engels works were connected to the material foundations of human existence. His ideas and theories were not alienated theories that were felt and ideas that were tangible and inseparable from the activities of societies. As materialists viewed the nature of humankind and the processes that commenced herein, matter preceded consciousness. Engels historical and philosophical analysis did not surface out of mere conception of abstract economic and historical fables.They were a result of the effects of the economic and social conditions existing at that time. Societies came into reality first. From those realities a consciousness was obtained. Engels was enabled to scientifically analyze the future of societies ground on the reasons that had caused past societies to progress into what they are at present. Certainly, Engels life was no different from the society he intended to explain. What had moulded him in becoming such a great influence in socio-economic paradigms and in the formulation of Marxism for certain had a basis in his past.The events that took place during that time were interconnected with his identity. Engels himself was a laboratory of proving that man is a becoming and of contradictions. From these contradictions of the positive and negative factors that had foregone through his age, a new form from the antagonisms of the old was drawn. Hence, his life and works were a result of scientific processes. The Friedrich Engels that we knew was a fruit of the reactions among the material conditions that he was exposed to and a synthesis of numerous theses and anti-theses.

Ensuring use of technology has purpose in education

Harmonizing to Schwartz ( 2008 ) , Teaching is a dynamic dealing among head, stuffs, results and ends. Teachers teach prentices learn solely within the context of a interlacing cognitive and socio-cultural purlieu that is germinating faster than at any other coif in the history of instruction . Schwartz ( 2008 ) states that cardinal of the grounds for this is the impact of technical progresss on the instruction system. The pupils of today live in a exceedingly technological universe. They atomic number 18 surrounded by appliances and bombarded by information. They use engineer for diversion, communicating and information. We as pedagogues have a responsibility to encompass engine room and utilize it to profit all stakeholders involved. But how croupe we guarantee that technology is non employ merely because we think it should also as something that enriches the experience of the savant. How do we equilibrate the system of engineering and the demands of the pupi l? As Pedagogy scheme ( 2005 ) states Making engineerings available does non of itself consequence in changed instruction methods or in the degree of larning results. Effective usage of ICT in instruction requires appropriate article of belief methods. We have to guarantee that the usage of engineering has signifi sewerce and intent.There is a overplus of inquiry on the construct of commix achievement. Blended scholarship, harmonizing to Rodgers ( 2009 ) , is carrying out a eruditeness scheme that integrates multiple bringing modes ( both co material and asynchronous ) and, in making so, making the best accomplishable larning reply for your mark audience . Blended larning requires the scholar to be at the tenderness of the procedure and guaranting that it is the right surround for the right scholar. In concern blended encyclopaedism can be seen as the right combination at the lowest costs, this applied to education would be the right combination at the undischargede st accomplishment result. Dzakiria et.al ( 2006 ) citing Driscoll s work, sees blended science as unite web-based engineering to bring forth an optimal acquisition result . In concern you have to cognize your market, in instruction it is important that you lie with your scholar and a one size fits all precept does non work. Dzakiria et.al. ( 2006 ) argues that we indispensableness to see the pupils as the primary educational client, their positions and experiences, and the instruction support appliance for effectual acquisition results. It is indispensable that students own their acquisition, that they lead their acquisition and they atomic number 18 at the Centre of the procedure.Technological progresss has resulted in the usage of blended acquisition schemes in concern, universities and schools. The latent drop of the usage of blended acquisition for e-assessment is mindblowing. JISC INFONET ( **** ) states that assessment is one of the most important countries of an e ducational system. It defines what pupils take to be of import, how they spend a great deal of their academic clip and in many ways how they value themselves. discernment is important to the scholar every bit long as it has a clear and defined intent. The usage of e-assessment can utilize the cardinal doctrine of blended acquisition and give the learner control over their acquisition and help their acquisition. E-assessment has advantages, JISC INFONET ( **** ) states that it allows instant feedback, allows clip for alteration, staff acquire immediate feedback and this can be linked to other on-line stuffs. Although there are concerns over the usage of E-assessment. E-assessment itself may salvage clip but the clip it takes to ab initio put up such an appraisal can non be underestimated. ***** can widenThe development of personal acquisition environments ( PLEs ) has opened up the potency of the larning non merely being the Centre of the learning procedure but victorious the la rning themselves. The possible, particularly for school aged students could be great. Imagine an PLE which gives a remember of a child online from the minute they walk into instruction to the clip they dedicate at 16 or 18. What if that record continues to university? What if that continues invariably as we adventure on lifelong larning ? This pull up stakes in bend have a enormous consequence on instruction and acquisition. Becta ( 2007 ) suggests that PLE s offers a entrance to the universe, through which scholars can research and take in harmonizing to their ain involvements and waies, interacting at all times with their friends and community. Harmelen ( 2006 ) suggests that the development of PLE s is motivated by the demands of the womb-to-tomb scholar and for a system that provides a standard interface, a response from the feature that the scholar s e-system demands to be under the control of the scholar and the demands of the scholar themselves. Taraghi et. Al. ( 201 0 ) negotiations of utilizing the MashUp rule which will let scholars to construct their ain acquisition environment . The potency of PLEs in instruction is radical. Downs ( 2009 ) , states that future larning environment which becomes non an institutional or corporate application, but besides a acquisition centre, where content is reused and remixed harmonizing to the pupil s ain demands and involvements. It becomes, so, non a individual application, but a hookup of interoperating applications an environment or else than a system . Research is being undertaken to expression at how PLE s will change form to a scholars larning and the consequence and deductions on instruction. But Taraghi et. Al. ( 2010 ) points out that traditional Learning Management Systems ( LMS ) are non conciliatory plenty to supply an effectual PLE system. Taraghi et. Al. ( 2010 ) points out that, even current research can non indicate out what a extremely personalised larning environment should look same(p) in item . Using a PLE to construction to womb-to-tomb acquisition would necessitate looking at the large mountain chain non one specific component of a scholar s acquisition. In the past developments have been centred on specific phases in instruction but now we need to guarantee the scholar s demands are turn to throughout their acquisition journey. Atwell ( 2007 ) provinces, if non continuous, larning is now seen as multi episodic, with persons passing occasional periods of nominal instruction and developing throughout their on the job life. PLE s will hold to turn to both the judgements of uninterrupted acquisition and the periods of informal acquisition that a scholar brushs. Formal larning itself, harmonizing to Atwell ( 2007 ) histories for merely 20 per cent of a scholar s acquisition. In the past educational engineering has paying little or no attending to informal larning a PLE could turn to this issue. PLE s could be used for anyone who wants to organize the ir ain acquisition. Taraghi et.al. ( 2010 ) specify septet important facets for the displacement from LMS to PLEThe function of the scholarPersonalisationContentSocial encounterOwnershipEducational and organizational civilizationTechnological facetsPLE s could sustain together the huge sum of different engineering that a scholar uses under one umbrella. Making it distinguishable and personalised to that scholar, involve the engineerings they like to utilize and turn to their specific acquisition manners. The scholar could make up ones mind their penchants to how they study, present information etc. The scholar can make up ones mind on their ain content and analyze the countries they fix to assist with their acquisition. The scholar could in kernel develop a acquisition environment that addresses their specific demands at their current phase in instruction. Milligan quoted in BECTA ( 2007 ) believes PLE s would give the scholar greater control over their learning experience ( pul l offing their resources, the work they have produced, the activities they participate in ) and would represent their ain personal acquisition environment, which they could utilize to interact with institutional systems to entree content, appraisal, libraries and the similar .Atwell ( 2007 ) states that PLE s are non an application but instead a new attack to the usage of new engineerings for larning. There ride out many issues to be resolved. But, at the terminal of the twenty-four hours, the statement for the usage of Personal Learning environments in non proficient but instead is philosophical, ethic and pedagogic. This wealth of grounds of larning would ensue in a e-portfolio which could potentially chart a scholar from the minute they enter the instruction system. There could potential be a wealth of touchable grounds which could be used as grounds for makings or as an illustration of what a possible employee may be capable of. Cohn and Hibbitts ( 2004 ) suggest that an e- portfolio stimulates our pupils to prosecute in broody sentiment . What is apparent is the thought that we have to be careful that e-portfolios are closely linked to the thoughts of PLE s. If we are doing personal acquisition environments which are totally to the scholar, we do non desire to so make an e-portfolio which is one size fits all, it besides has to be personalised to the scholar, integrate the scholars larning manners and penchants. Learning and appraisal are intertwined, therefore if we talk about bring forthing a PLE so the thought of an e-portfolio must organize a important component of such an environment. Gulbahar and Tinmaz ( 2006 ) suggests that the thought of an e-portfolio support pupils focused on the acquisition procedure instead than the terminal merchandise. They suggest that By the usage of e-portfolios, pupils have the opportunity to reflect upon their acquisition and instructors have the chance to supply elaborate feedback on pupils work. Research un dertaken by Gulbarhar and Tinemaz ( 2006 ) suggested that utilizing an e-portfolio was favoured by all the pupils in their survey. They concluded that I gave the pupils a great opportunity for self betterment and it besides demonstrated a acquisition centres theoretical account for instructor campaigners. The pupils besides gained more cognition and associated it with existent life context.

Eminent Domain When Can the Government Take the Property of a Citizen Without His Consent?

Melanie Carter Political Science 2212 State & Local Government W01 Spring 2013 g every last(predicate)ant Domain When Can the Government Take the Property of a Citizen Without His accord? One of the more controversial Government actions is its ability to exercise the causation of towering globe to beget control of topographic point that be bulkys to an individual or cliquish entity against their go a room. high champaign, broadly lowstood, is the power of the bring up to seize toffee-nosed topographic point without the proprietors harmonize (WordNet).This paper will examine the elements of noble-minded theater of operations and what security departments be in place for citizens that may be effected by it, identify types of transactions that are typically involved and accepted in eminent athletic field cases and discuss what the citizens should expect to receive as wages even though they have lost the situation due to few of the broad ex postures of the el ements. Any time the political sympathies is pickings the office of an individual, without his consent, it is a controversial matter.M whatever politicians and citizens agree that it was necessary to establish a method of getting berth for the needs of the common good of the community even when thither is a l unrivaled hold out holding possessor. It has been held that the power of eminent domain tidy sum only be exercised after meeting the protective dole out standards constituted under the 5th Amendment of The United States Constitution. We have been conditi unityd through with(predicate) the media that the twenty percent Amendment protects us against self-incrimination I plead the fifth.Self-Incrimination is an crucial candidate but most people dont realize that the Fifth Amendment has a taking article intentional to protect the airscrew owners. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or opposite(a)wise ill-famed crime, un little on a presentment or indictment of a talkative Jury, except in cases arising in the take or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of struggle or humans danger nor shall any person be sphere for he comparable offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprive of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law nor shall mystical property be taken for man substance abuse without solely salary (United States Constitution Fifth Amendment). The Amendment initially only applied at a federal train until career of the Fourteenth Amendment in which due process and equal protection were made applicable to the states.Taken at face nurture, the Fifth Amendment taking clause can be broken down into four basic elements Nor shall (1) private property be (2) taken for (3) domain use without (4) just honorarium The first is private property, it is self-explanatory and the definiti on is fairly narrow forthwith although its prior applications were more expansive for example one of the biggest issues with emancipation of slaves was the one time belief that they were seen as property and non as individuals and this stipulation protected the property owner.It was this view that brought about the Emancipation Proclamation and passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. Private property is defined as Private property N-land or be enormousings owned by a person or group and kept for their exclusive use (Dictionary. com) The adjacent element is the taking of the property. The property my be taken from the owner without their consent in order of battle to dumbfound an receipts of some sort that will have a beneficial result for the community.Its heavy as well as to none that property owner is not only in jeopardy of losing their property to the government but that it may lose to a private developer for the purpose of an improvement that might add value to the metr opolis for example in the orchestrate of taxes. In the case of eminent domain the property is taken without the consent of the owner of the property. If the owner were to consent or agree to a payment then it is simply a transaction and eminent domain is no longer applicable.The third element is the requirement that the property is taken for ordinary use and because of the definition applied for mankind use it is the most controversial. patch the party who is surrendering his property under eminent domain will some always be upset or offended, the remainder of the citizens will typically may not take issue with the process as long as they see the reach for themselves and their communities. Improved infrastructure such as road build, bridge building, water shed protection and education are examples of these takings that are agreeable with most of the people.The broad definition of public Use in towering domain cases as applied at present Public use n. the only purpose for w hich private property can be taken (condemned) by the government under its power of eminent domain. Public use includes schools, streets, highways, hospitals, government buildings, parks, water reservoirs, flood control, slum headway and re improver, public housing, public theaters and stadiums, safety facilities, harbors, bridges, railroads, airports, terminals, prisons, jails, public utilities, canals, and numerous other purposes designated as beneficial to the public (Hill & Hill).This broad definition was reviewed and established primarily ground on twain US controlling courtroom cases. The first is a 1954 decision in the case of Berman v. Parker (Law. Cornell. Edu) and it was found that public use has a much more broad reach than simply building a roadway. In Berman, the case dealt with the District of Columbia Re-Development Act of 1945 and found it to be constitutional for the administrative agency to take the appellants building from him. The appellant owned property and used it for commercial purposes, to use urban slang, he was a slum lord and the agency wanted to re-develop the area.The Supreme Court agreed that it was reasonable to eliminate and prevent slum and inferior housing conditionseven though such property may be sold or leased to other private interests subject to conditions designed to accomplish these purposes (Law. Cornell. Edu). After upholding the Re-Development Act, the definition of public use was expanded to cover the aforementioned beneficial to the public. Essentially the Supreme Court give tongue to that the requirements of the Fifth Amendment are fulfilled when the owner of the property receives his just wages for the taken property.Berman remained the standard for 50 years, but it was not the final range of the US Supreme Court when it comes to defining Public Use. The next case would further expand on the public portion of the definition in 2004 with the case of Kelo v. The City of impertinently London. In this case, the Supreme Court expanded on the earlier Berman decision. The City of New London had established a development plan that witnessed to create in overmuchness of 1,000 jobs, which would increase tax and other revenues and would also revitalize an economically upset(a) metropolis including its downtown and waterfront areas(Minier, 2005).After buying most of the property necessary for the development at that place were a few hold out landowners who refused to sell their property. The city wanted to use the power of eminent domain to take self-command of the properties that belonged the holdout owners. The Supreme Court set precedent when it found for the City of New London and refused to overturn the regnant of the Supreme Court of Connecticut allowing for property to be transferred to a private owner for the use of economic development, which would benefit the community and therefore could be defined as public use.This broadened the public use definition and has created a lot o f controversy because it allows a for-profit, private entity to become the radical owner of the taken property as long as it can be shown that the public will benefit. The use of eminent domain for this purpose will often result in public outcry and protest because the citizens dont agree with the encroachment by private entities much less the government. As an example, what if get across Motor companionship approached the City of Kennesaw about building a refreshful manufacturing plant for its usual F-150 pick-up telephone wire.They are planning on creating 2,500 new jobs with the factory as intumesce as relocating another 250 current employees to the area. Ford has acquired all the necessary parcels of land except for one house on one and a half acres that the owner refused to sell despite offers from the company to pay for the property and relocate the owner. The new plant would increase the tax base for the city and would bring people into the area into new homes (creati ng more business with construction) or into currently vacant homes.Under the broadened definition of public use the property could be taken by the city as long as just payment is paid to the owner, and the city could then sell the property to Ford Motor Company to complete the project. The Final element of eminent domain is just fee for the property which has been taken (Smith, Greenblatt & Mariani, 2011). The receipt by the property owner of this just compensation is what closes out the requirements under the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution.While the Berman ruling was significant towards defining public use, the Supreme Court felt it was important to speak of just compensation in its findings on the case. Just compensation is very natural because unremarkably the hold out property owner has established a value for his property that is not agreeable to the purchaser of the property or in some cases the property has a great than cash value to the property owner who is just determined not to sell it or have it taken away from him.Initially the government will initiate the process of acquiring the property that they need to complete their project just as if they are attempting to purchase it as an independent purchaser would. If there is a meeting of the minds and an agreement is reached the purchase is a easy procedure. The challenge comes in when the current owner and the government do not come to an agreement it is at this point that the process of eminent domain will begin with the formal filing of a lawsuit by the government to take the property.It is also important to note each state has its own laws in regards to eminent domain for example, in one state the government may be required to pay any legal fees assessed in the case. As discussed earlier, if the parties were to come to terms on a purchase then eminent domain would not be applicable. The owner has the right to just compensation which is compensation for property taken under eminent dom ain that places a property owner in the same position as before the property is taken see also eminent domain.NOTE Just compensation is usually the fair market value of the property taken. Since the definition of public use has been broadened it the meaning of just compensation increases because it is the greater judicial measure of having met the requirements of the Fifth Amendment. Further, The owner of property is entitle to be put in as good a position pecunuarily as if his property had not been taken. Fair Market harbor as applied within just compensation is also subjective and controversial.FMV (Fair Market Value) will consider current improvements to the property but it does not take into account sentimental value, historical significance, or future increase in value of the property. When addressing the just compensation issue the government usually has the advantage because if they have al take a leak decided to exercise the Power of Eminent domain then negotiations have u sually ended and with the public use issue settled the property owner can only take the issue to court and hope for a favorable decision and cede through arbitration or the court process.While just compensation covers the property at fair market value it does not cover lawyers fees related to the disputed acquisition of the property. The challenge here is that the family that has been displaced may find little satisfaction in being justly paying(a) (in the eyes of the government) for having their lives in an upheaval their lives may be wrapped up in the community in which they have been rooted and eminent domain could cause an unjust hardship outside of the monetary issue. This is one of the examples that make eminent domain one of the most unpopular acts.The Power of Eminent domain plays an important role in our communities. Although the Fifth Amendment was designed to impart protection to the property owners that protection has been diluted through a serial publication of court rulings that have broadened definitions and allow Eminent domain to work in the governments favor. Essentially the government will prevail if it meets the four elements of the Fifth Amendments takings clause nor shall (1) private property be (2) taken for (3) public use without (4) just compensation.When deciding the next course of action the property owner should be aware these elements and also should consider the worthiness of the challenge. currently the Atlanta Falcons, a private sports franchise, are looking for a new stadium that will be built and operated in a occasion venture with the City of Atlanta through a government constitute agency, The Georgia World Congress Center Authority and just compensation will play heavily in the activities of property acquisition.There are two church buildinges in the way of the proposed new stadium site, one of which wants to improve its stand and position and the other has age and historical significance. Friendship Baptist Church ha s historical significance in that it was started by slaves more than 150 years ago and is the oldest black Baptist church in the city of Atlanta and many important events/institutions began at this church including the fact that Spelman College was founded in the basement of the church and Morehouse College held classes there (Proctor, 2013).At this point, Lloyd Hawk who is the Chair of the Board of Trustees for the church says that they want the significance of the church to continue to be at the forefront and they want some of the significance of the church, such as the Bell Tower, to remain but they are time lag to see what kind of offer they are going to be made. The other church, Mount Vernon Baptist, has conceded that they would sell and have stated that they want to do what is beat out for both the community and the church.There will be other property owners who get hold of to hold out trying to get the best deal. This matter will be a good, relevant case study in eminent domain because it will involve all aspects of the disputed issues including public funds, public use, increased economic impact, and private corporate involvement. The bottom line is that in the case of eminent domain there is no guide winner and there may be a clear unsuccessful person. In some cases it may be a good thing for all parties involved perhaps the property owner has no ties to the property and is ready to get out.Taking payment for the property may be a way that they can walk away cleanly. But, the government, in my eyes will never be the loser because they will always get what they want. The homeowner may not want to surrender the property for any amount of money based on sentiment or any number of other reasons and being forced out of their gamily home is stressful. Or, the homeowner may come up that the financial (just compensation) falls short of their expectations or they may simply be greedy and want too much.In either scenario the homeowner is clearly the lo ser if they lose their home under circumstance that they feel are less than ideal if the power of eminent domain prevails. Bibliography Hill, G. , & Hill, K. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/public use Minier, D. (2005). Kelo v. city of new london. Retrieved from http//www. casebriefs. com/blog/law/property/property-law-keyed-to-dukeminier/eminent-domain-and-the-problem-of-regulatory-takings/kelo-v-city-of-new-london/ Miriam Webster. N. p. n. p. , n. d.Http//dictionary. findlaw. com/definition/just-compensation. hyper textbook markup language. Web. 04 Apr. 2013. . (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//www. law. cornell. edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0348_0026_ZS. html private property. (n. d. ). WordNet 3. 0. Retrieved April 16, 2013, from Dictionary. com websitehttp//dictionary. reference. com/browse/private property private property. (n. d. ). Collins position Dictionary Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. Retrieved April 16, 2013, from Dictio nary. com websitehttp//dictionary. reference. com/browse/private propertyProctor, A. (2013, contact 22). Historic atlanta church sits on proposed site of new falcons stadium. frustrate 5 News. Retrieved from Historic Atlanta church sits on proposed site of new Falcons stadium SCEG. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//www. columbia. edu/cu/cssn/expansion/ Smenkowski, B. P. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/206470/Fifth-Amendment/296512/Takings In text (Smenkowski) Smith, K. B. , Greenblatt, A. , & Mariani, M. (2011). Governing states and localities. (3 ed. , p. 439). Washington, D. C. Cq Staff Directories.

Fill in the Blank Summer Final Exam

Sociology 101 ask in the Blank Summer Final Exam Directions This 50 inquiry exam c everywheres Chapters 1 through 15 and is due no later than noon Friday, 7/29. Each question is worth 3 points for a total of 150 points for this exam. There could be as many as 3 words necessary for the answer. The answer forget be counted fallacious if all words atomic number 18 not ex bet and spelled correctly. This is an open obtain exam, but please do not shargon answers with your classmates. Remember that the single of the learning environment requires our honesty. Provide the number and the answer only and postal service in the message box located below these questions.Be veritable to click on Submit when finished. 1. The ability to see how our person-to-person troubles are connected to public issues and complaisant organises is called the sociological imagination. 2. Structural functionalism addresses the question of esteemable organization or structures of society and how it is maintained or functions. 3. Value-free sociology concerns itself with establishing what is, not what ought to be. 4. empiric research is research based on systematic, unbiased exam of evidence. 5. apparent functions or dysfunctions are consequences of affectionate structures that are intended or recognized. . divergence theory addresses the points of stress and conflict in society and the ways in which they contribute to social change. 7. Symbolic interaction theory addresses the subjective meanings of human race acts and the sufficees through which people come to develop and communicate shared meanings. 8. The audition is a method of research strategy in which the researcher manipulates freelancer variables to test theories of cause and effect. 9. Social-desirability bias is the tendency of people to color the rectitude so that they sound more desirable and socially acceptable than they sincerely are. 0. Replication is the repetition of empirical studies by another resea rcher or with dissimilar samples to see if the same results occur. 11. Content analysis refers to the systematic examination of documents of any sort. 12. The way of life shared by members of a connecter that includes language, set, emblematic meanings, technology and material objects is called nicety. 13. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to judge other cultures match to the norms and values of our own culture. 14. Cultural relativity requires that each cultural sign be evaluated in the context of its own culture. 5. Cultural diffusion is the adjoin by which aspects of one culture or subculture are incorporated into another. 16. Norms associated with sensibly strong ideas of right and wrong that carry a moral connotation are called mores. 17. Counterculture are groups whose values, beliefs, interests, and lifestyles conflict with those of the too larger culture. 18. Assimilation is the butt on through which individuals learn and adopt the values and social practices of the dominant group, sometimes handsome up their own values in the process. 19.When one part of culture (usually technology) changes more rapidly than another, sociologists call this cultural lag. 20. The process of learning the roles, statuses, and values necessary for participation in social institutions is called socialization. 21. The process of learning to suck up ourselves as we think others view us is called the looking-glass self. 22. Primary socialization is character development and role learning that occurs during untimely childhood. 23. An institution is an enduring social structure that meets basic human needs. 24.Dramaturgy is a version of symbolic interaction that views social situations as scenes manipulated by the actors to convey the desired natural depression to the audience. 25. The norm of reciprocity is the expectation that people will return favors and reach out to maintain a balance of obligation in social relationships. 26. McDonaldization is the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurantsefficiency, calculability, predictability, and controlare coming to dominate more sectors of American society. 27. Anomie is a situation in which the norms of society are unclear or no longer applicable to current conditions. 8. Differential association theory says that people learn to be deviant when more of their associates favor deviance than favor con processity. 29. Stratification is the institutionalized pattern of inequality in which social statuses are ranked on the basis of their access to incomparable resources. 30. The world-systems theory is a conflict perspective of the sparing relationships between true and developing countries, the core and peripheral societies. 31. Environmental racism refers to the disproportionately large number of health and environmental risks that minorities face daily in their neighborhoods and workplaces. 2. divalent jeopardy means having low status on two different dimensions of stratific ation. 33. Sexism is a belief that men and women have biologically different capacities and that these form a legitimate basis for unequal treatment. 34. The manufacturers of illness are groups that bring forward and benefit from deadly behaviors and social conditions. 35. Marriage is an institutionalized social structure that provides an enduring framework for regulating sexual behavior and childbearing. 36. Propinquity is spacial nearness. 7. Exogamy means choosing a mate from outside ones own racial, ethnic, or religious group. 38. The hidden curriculum is the underlying cultural messages that schools teach to interact young people into obedience and conformity. 39. Tracking occurs when evaluations made relatively early in a childs career determine the educational programs the child will be encouraged to follow. 40. Secularization is the process of transferring things, ideas, or events from the sacred solid ground to the nonsacred, or secular, realm. 41.The Protestant Ethic r efers to the belief that work, rationalism, and plain living are moral virtues, whereas idleness and indulgence are sinful. 42. Authoritarian systems are policy-making systems in which the leadership is not selected by the people and legally cannot be changed by them. 43. The power elite comprises the people who occupy the top positions in three bureaucraciesthe military, industry, and the executive branch of governmentand who are thought to act together to run the United States in their own interests. 44.Capitalism is the economic system based on competition, in which most wealth (land, capital, and labor) is insular property, to be used by its owners to maximize their own gain and profit. 45. fabianism is an economic structure in which productive tools (land, labor, and capital) are owned and managed by the workers and used for the collective good. 46. Alienation occurs when workers have no control over the work process or the product of their labor. 47. Collective behavior is ad-lib action by groups in situations where cultural rules for behavior are unclear. 48.A social movement is an ongoing, goal-directed effort to fundamentally challenge social institutions, attitudes, or ways of life. 49. Relative-deprivation theory argues that social movements arise when people down an intolerable gap between their expectations and the rewards they actually receive. 50. Frame alignment is the process used by a social movement to convince individuals that their personal interests, values, and beliefs are complementary to those of the movement. Instructions Enter or paste your pen work and/or click Attachments to upload your files.

Factors Influencing Growth and Development Essay

The environmental impacts on ones behavior evoke often determine factors that will shape future behaviors. During critical and cutting periods growing can be greatly affected. Critical periods occur when the population of certain types of environmental stimuli become necessary for development to continue conventionally. It is theorized that development during the critical period is easily influenced, specifically in the area of temper and social development. On the other hand, during sensitive periods the organism becomes particularly threatened to certain types of stimuli in their environment. Unlike critical periods, the absence of stimuli in a sensitive period does not always result in unchanging consequences.societal influences are believed to play a large role on the environmental impacts of development. The way we have been socialized or conditioned is a response to environmental stimuli. For instance, gender is something socially constructed and society places expectati ons on individuals accord to their gender, which will determine the roles they will later fulfill in society. A publication from U.C. Santa Cruz states the following of gender acquisition and the societal influences that are perpetuated close to them. Gender stereotypes in infants are perpetuated by societys expectations and perceptions. Societal influences, preconceived notions and expectations enforce already existing gender stereotypesRead much Essay explain how children and young peoples development is influenced by a range of personal factors.In the study of forty-eight children, their mothers, and 16 college students, gender based stereotypes influenced interaction with infants which in turn socialized the infants to set to their respective gender role. Ratings of the female infants centered on their small coat and beauty. Male infants are judged usually according to their ability and intelligence. While inference of gender stereotyping in infant ratings are becoming les s supreme after adolescence, sex stereotyping in adults behavior towards infants has changed little. Obviously, society shapes the gender stereotypes that some(prenominal) children and adults hold. (Rivera, 1996)

Introduction to Psychological Testing Essay

psychological shows argon common tools apply by schools, hospitals, companies, and other institutions in tell apart to assess the character of a particular proposition person. Such renders apprise individuals of their personalities, including their behaviors and what they are capable of doing. The history of personality assessment is very long. It might be possible that assessing personality had been of existence since the time a man time- tryed to assess the personality of a stranger for the first time. However, formally assessing personality first became popular in the beginning and the end of World contend II.The first tests were paper-and-pencil mathematical group tests which consisted of multiple choice and true-or-false questions administered to a large group (Kaplan, et al, 2005). What is a Test? According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a test is a circumstantial evaluation or observation. It is also a procedure wherein a logical argument is being submitted and s ubjected for acceptance or rejection. Basically, it is a procedure. As related to psychology, it is employ to mea surely skill, intelligence, capacities, or aptitudes of an individual or a group (Test, n. d. ). Categories of psychological TestingSee more how to write an academic introductionBasically, there are two categories of psychological tests. According to a book entitled, psychological Testing A practical Introduction, the two categories are nonemal Personality Traits, and Clinical Instruments (Hogan, 2007). The similarities between these two categories involve the nature of the test items and the response formats. Both tests intention simple statements as test items, as well as response items. Basically, these items burn down easily be answered by a simple response much(prenominal) as yes or no. The second similarity is that these categories are subcategorized into comprehensive instruments and specific domain instruments.The generate of the comprehensive clinical in struments is to survey all potential areas of difficulty. In bless to do so, these tests produce numerous scores. The specific domain instruments however, focus in only one particular area such as depression, anxiety, or eating disorders. These tests produce only one type of score or a few number of closely related scores. Both radiation diagram personality traits and clinical instruments also involve similar strategies for development such as criterion-keying and both be possessed of the same stand on faking and responses. parenthesis from similarities, the two categories of psychological tests also have a number of differences. Firstly, typical personality traits focus on the normal range of personality go clinical instruments focus on the psychopathological aspects or some psychological difficulty. Most of the time, clinical instruments are administered individually, while normal personality traits are administered in a group setting. Clinical instruments are commonly used f or diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up evaluation. Normal personality traits such as the NEO PI-R do not have that kind of characteristic (Hogan, 2007). reliability and Validity Reliability of a psychological test means that the results should be consistent. If a person, for example, takes a test, the result of that specific test should be consistent for a extensive period of time. If in any way the result of a test is not the same with an already proven reliable test for a particular person, then that test is not reliable. Thus, reliability is proven with the use of a coefficient correlation between the test scores of the first examen and the second testing.The correlation coefficient (r) is a numerical summary of the relationship indicated in a bivariate distribution. This is computed by defining first the formula for r and computing its raw score (Hogan, 2007). The coefficient for a perfect reliability is +1. 0 while a coefficient of 0. 0 means no reliability. Reliability can a lso be determined by comparing two psychological measures (McCurley, et al. , 2005). The difference of reliability from inclemency is that rigor is determined whether a particular test is appropriate for the condition to be measured.It is important that an intelligence test should measure and intelligence and a personality test measure personality. The American Psychological Association issued a book entitled, Educational and Psychological Tests and Manuals in order to help practitioners in the field of testing determine the cogency of a certain test (McCurley, et al. , 2005). It should be noted that it would be distant to refer to the validity of a test in itself. Rather, what should be referred to be the interlingual rendition of the scores, whether it fits the particular purpose.A test whitethorn be adequate for a particular condition, but not to another. The question should be asked is if the interpretation of scores of a test fully addressed the level of the condition. Als o, validity is not a matter of degree, as according to Hogan. It is necessary that what should be known is the extent of the validity for a particular condition, since some tests may have no validity at all (Hogan, 2007). Reliability and validity have their own significance in psychological testing. Reliability makes sure that tests are consistent and can be used universally to a large number of population.It also makes comparing test results easier since these are exchangeable and their relationships are already proven appropriate. A test may have reliability without having validity. However, both are essential in determining accurately every individuals psychological condition. Validity requires that the test is in truth measures the entity it intends to measure. It is difficult to determine validity (McCurley, et al. , 2005). However, it is important that each test accurately measures what it intends to measure. Validity and reliability are interdependent in establishhing a tru lly stiff psychological test.

Opposite of Loneliness

osite of l bingleliInterpretive essay opposite of loneliness For both teenager, stepping into the world of maturity date somewhat gives them a different vibe and ambiance whereby they go through with(predicate) different stages and levels to finally be where they argon today. They roll in the hay never be aware of what the prox holds for them but to only be prepared for every impact that might hit them along the way. Its like a test, be graded based on your performance and to distinguish whether or non youve achieved your success.In the article Opposite of loneliness by Marina Keegan, it explains about the bread and butter of a small adult who started her adulthood in Yale University. A place she had institute happiness and most certainly the opposite of loneliness. Moreover, she finds herself comp permitely attached to it as she had said in the first paragraph What Im pleasing and thankful to pick up found at Yale and what Im shake up of losing when we wake up tomorrow and leave this place. This phrase shows us that Yale brought out the best in her, something she fears losing and that she is actually very reluctant to become to leave.She is appalled that all her memories and experiences she has gone through would be gone erstwhile she steps out of Yale. This article shows the basic development of a young adults social life beginning with a simple-minded circle of friends or a clique and the attachment that became stronger as one grow fonder of the people about her which is exactly what she faces in her experience in Yale where it was mentioned in paragraph three, Yale is full of tiny circle we pull around ourselves. She found that even though non everyone knows everyone, there is still wiz and a sense of togetherness among the students in Yale.She also added that the experienced they shared among themselves were valuable and unforgettable and that she felt safe and loved whenever in the company of her peers during her cartridge holder in Yale. This article allows us to see that the writer begins to discover herself and learns to encompass about life as she faces challenges along the way while be in Yale. The fear of knowing the truth or fear of not knowing at all is something every individual learns to adapt to all the same the word fear should never conquer a person as it would only demotivate ourselves instead f seeing the positive side of life just as she had mentioned in paragraph 4 But let us get one thing straight the best old age of our lives are not behind us. Theyre apart of us The writer starts comparing the her past and the possible future where she wished that she could wind covering judgment of conviction and correct her past mistakes and regrets if given the chance to. It rags us attract that in life there will be scenes playing in our minds like a 1980s classical film in which the What if takes place.There are judgment of convictions that every individual wished they could go back in time an d do something good for themselves or be a the chairperson of a certain society, things they never knew they had it in them or things they went through and it never track their mind that they actually did it which is exactly what she felt in herself, Ive looked back on my high school and thought how did I do that? How did I work so hard? Everybody would have their standards of living and expectations of succeeding save the article also makes us realize that no matter how dead we plan, we may not have the ending that we wished for.We can never be certain of what the future holds for us, however as life goes on, we understand that a human being tends to regret her decisions and change their minds ample of times which explains what she had mentioned in paragraph nine If only I had majored in biology, if only Id gotten involved in journalism as a newbie The writer also shared unsettledties for what the future would hold for her. She starts comparing herself to others who have acco mplished more than she has. Life is all about choices and it is these choices that she is most hunted of.The writer also stated that during her time in Yale, she never had to make any life changing choices and knows she has to start doing it once she graduated and is afraid to make the wrong choices. However, she added that however our lives turned out to be, the future is uncertain and that it can be altered at any point of our life. This can be seen when she said What we have to remember is that we can still do anything. We can change our minds. We can start over. At a young age especially an undergraduate student would always looking that theres always something missing in their lives to what theyve accomplished.However also at a young age the opportunity that lies ahead in the future is even bigger. For each expect the young adult faces in Yale University, she comes across one conclusion of her college life, loneliness was never involved however happiness, jest and memories are definitely words to describe it. Stages by stages this article makes us understand that we as human beings should cherish each and every aftermath that we have and make the best out of it. Sustain it as a memory that becomes apart of you until the very end. Yes life is not a roll in the hay of roses however theres no harm in move to make it an enjoyable experience and ride.

Breaking All the Rules

In How To Succeed In chore By pause All The Rules it states that to succeed in moving in superstar moldiness be subject to use an unorthodox style which allows that soul to break light from ancient ways of view and be example fit to use peeled ideas in developing entrepreneurial and railway line skills. unitary way this exit be proven is to look at how affirmatory regain ofing and penury hamper mint in making difficult business organisation decisions. Secondly, this allow be proven by examining the grooming system, and covering that mavin does non always call for a university cultivation to fulfil in a business environment.Thirdly, this go away be proven by looking at the behavioral aspects of an entrepreneur, and how an entrepreneurs thinking imitate is quite preposterous comp atomic number 18d to the fairish soul. in conclusion, this will be proven by looking at the illusions of commission and how managers put up to fit if they inadequacy to see results. Forget proficient near everything you were told approximately imperatively charged thinking and pauperism. Positive thinking and motif stinkpot constrain some champions in business if non executed worthyly. pile assume that by being imperative they argon in consider motivating slew to organise for steadfastly and complete t selects without impeding their s step.This is non entirely true. there is a joke that m some(prenominal) motivational speakers tell, as an illustration of positive thinking A guy has tripped and fallen arrive at the roof of a thirty-story building. He is falling toward certain death. Some 1 yells out the fifteenth-story window, how argon you doing? And the falling fellow hollers back, Okay so distant This joke is non an accurate representation of positive thinking. It illustrates stupidity. This joke has taken positive thinking way out of proportion.It is okay to be positive when approaching forged situations, alone a constant bombarding of motivational thoughts whitethorn in bit impede the situation overall. People be taught from the travel that there are no foul ideas, and in-turn mass who criticize these bad ideas are looked upon as negative thinkers . Cynicism gutter actually be a healthy practice. By seeking out and eliminating bad ideas right from the get-go, the business or society is adequate to(p) appropriately deal with the conundrum and in a perceive nip it in the bud. A somebody can think positive all that they indigence, but they are ease going to tattle c clear upee on their new tie.By over-motivating a somebody, the same exploit can happen. A person has to want to be incite for it to work properly. The Old Testament of motivation states that either person can do any thing as long as they are motivated to do so. This is non entirely true. In society for a person to be motivated they mustiness believe the idea. Sounds care an oxy-moron, but a person needs to be i nspired to begin with motivation can take rove. For instance, a person needs to want a side secondary upbringing before they can be motivated to do so. A person does not needs need a university education to succeed in business. in that respect is not real anything wrong with a university education as long as the person attending understands what it is and what it is not. For nigh careers a university education is essential. For instance, hoi polloi do not look kindly to a self-taught brain surgeon. The problem is that a university education entirely awayers you supposititious situations instead of practical livelihood situations that can only be achieved by means of experiencing life. People tend to worry that without at least a gradation in a particular field, they are otiose to start their consume lucrative business, and be possessed of the consumers take them seriously.Often people believe that without the proper credentials, it is impossible for their business to ever get off the ground. This is not true. on that point are many examples of companies that were started by supposedly untaught people, who have sullen their respective businesses into multi-million dollar mark skunks. For instance, Dave doubting Thomas, founder and owner of the Wendys Corporation. With slide fastener come apart than a grade 10 education Thomas took his inaugural Wendys that opened in 1969, and turned it into over 4000 locations across North America.Thomas was credited with hard work and life skills that alleviateed him in his venture. From working as a waiters assistant in a small town diner, to training for thousands as a chief in the army, Thomas exacted the skills requisite to create a lucrative business without any courtly education. in that location are thousands of examples of entrepreneurs with no formal education that have made it in the business world. The well-nigh primary(prenominal) thing to understand is that a business can only go as far as the people are unstrained to take them.Meaning that if you want to be winning you can come along your self to take it to the next level without formal education. If you have a formal education, by all means make the to the highest degree of it. notwithstanding never use lack of formal education as an vindicate and never let yourself feel inferior to those with infract formal educations. There is abundant proof that you can reach just about any heights in business without college or tear down high give lessons education if you will do the things necessary to new(prenominal)wise obtain the instruction and master the skills specifically relevant to your objectives.Entrepreneurs are not always the surmount educated, but share a thinking pattern unlike those of continual people and are able to take any business with a solid foundation and turn it in to a increaseive money-making mould. In rule to be a successful entrepreneur, one must be able to go against the g rain of normal business practice and be able to perform at a pace where they leave the rival in the dust with no remorse. The old express there are no rules when it comes to love and war also applies to entrepreneurs in business.An entrepreneur must be able show no benignity towards anybody in revision to get the job through. It sounds cruel, but some of the most successful people in business today have no remorse for their competition. For example, bull McCormack the creator of International Management Group (an jock management corporation) started off with junior-grade more than a $1000 and a hand shake, but developed his business into a multi-million dollar corporation by release his competition way behind. McCormack was able to do something that had never been attempted before. many an(prenominal) companies fail to place a premium on the real dollar worth of their expertise, or what it would cost an outsider to learn what they already know. McCormack was able to market h is knowledge to companies that were unaware of what they really had inside. By showing them what they already new, but by changing the way that they marketed the product McCormack was able to, more or less over night, turn a small caller distributing out of a barn, into a power house in todays sports pastime industry. McCormack did not come across such a feat by pity about the little guy.In most cases, entrepreneurs are able to devise aside their moral philosophy and value and go in for the kill. Successful entrepreneurs have a unlike way of approaching punishing business decisions than the average person. They do not look at the situation or problem as how it affects the other guy, but how it affects them. When making baffling business decisions, an entrepreneur must ask if solution shell suits him, or if it scoop out suits theology? In purchase roam for the entrepreneur to succeed, the solution must best suit his needs and not the needs of the other guy.Unsuccessful entrepreneurs often obtain themselves debating on whether or not to charge customers most money the can for their product or service. They feel that by undercutting prices they are in-turn helping themselves to quietude better at night, but you cannot sleep if you cannot relent a place to sleep. In order to be self-sufficient, entrepreneurs must give up morales and values and be able to do what best suits them. The same is true for management in that if the want results from their workers thusly they must be able to adapt their style to best fit the interests at hand.There is a hassock tale about managers in business, especially big business that embodied leaders are conservative, rational, deliberate people who arrive at important decisions only after(prenominal) carefully weighing a wealth of data and tuition. In most cases managers and corporate leaders rely on their rung to provide them with the information needed to make these tough business decisions. Mangers past a re go about with the consequences if the result is less than kosher. As the old verbal expression goes if you want something done right you have to do it yourself applies when it comes to managing a spinning top firm.In order for a manager to succeed, they must adapt their rung into a well-oiled machine that works for the most common goal. Managers have to good deal goals and limitations and make reliable that their staff succeed the guidelines appropriately for maximum production. Managers cannot fumble their staff, as they cannot afford to lend the time in a fast industry or business. If you cant take the heat, get out of the kitchen. It is the managers responsibility to take out those that are not able to perform with the rest of the unit, and in-turn hire people with the skills that best fit their own goals and ambitions.Managers also must be able to go on their own instincts and not always follow facts and figures alone. A unspoilt manager is able to assess the sit uation and so make a decision based on their gut reaction. With these tools a manger is able to succeed in business by rift all the rules. Managers must use an unorthodox style which allows them to break light from ancient ways of thinking to develop new skills that will help them perform better in their respective businesses.By understanding that positive thinking and motivation can be taken out of context, one can be inspired to change the way that they approach tough business decisions. By also understanding that one does not necessarily need a university education to succeed in business, but by utilizing life bewilder they can relate business problems to real life situations, and can then solve the problem with their best interests in mind. Finally mangers and entrepreneurs must think of themselves first, and then, and only then, will they be able to successfully attack tough business decisions.Breaking All the RulesIn How To Succeed In Business By Breaking All The Rules it states that to succeed in business one must be able to use an unorthodox style which allows that person to break free from ancient ways of thinking and be able to use new ideas in developing entrepreneurial and business skills. One way this will be proven is to look at how positive thinking and motivation hamper people in making tough business decisions. Secondly, this will be proven by examining the education system, and showing that one does not always need a university education to perform in a business environment.Thirdly, this will be proven by looking at the behavioral aspects of an entrepreneur, and how an entrepreneurs thinking pattern is quite unique compared to the average person. Finally, this will be proven by looking at the illusions of management and how managers have to adapt if they want to see results. Forget just about everything you were told about positive thinking and motivation. Positive thinking and motivation can encumber persons in business if not executed properly. People assume that by being positive they are in turn motivating people to work hard and complete tasks without impeding their space.This is not entirely true. There is a joke that many motivational speakers tell, as an illustration of positive thinking A guy has tripped and fallen off the roof of a thirty-story building. He is falling toward certain death. Some one yells out the fifteenth-story window, how are you doing? And the falling fellow hollers back, Okay so far This joke is not an accurate representation of positive thinking. It illustrates stupidity. This joke has taken positive thinking way out of proportion.It is okay to be positive when approaching tough situations, but a constant bombarding of motivational thoughts may in turn impede the situation overall. People are taught from the start that there are no bad ideas, and in-turn people who criticize these bad ideas are looked upon as negative thinkers . Cynicism can actually be a healthy practice. By seeki ng out and eliminating bad ideas right from the get-go, the business or corporation is able appropriately deal with the problem and in a sense nip it in the bud. A person can think positive all that they want, but they are still going to spill coffee on their new tie.By over-motivating a person, the same effect can happen. A person has to want to be motivated for it to work properly. The Old Testament of motivation states that any person can do any thing as long as they are motivated to do so. This is not entirely true. In order for a person to be motivated they must believe the idea. Sounds like an oxy-moron, but a person needs to be inspired before motivation can take place. For instance, a person needs to want a post secondary education before they can be motivated to do so. A person does not necessarily need a university education to succeed in business.There is not really anything wrong with a university education as long as the person attending understands what it is and what it is not. For some careers a university education is essential. For instance, people do not look kindly to a self-taught brain surgeon. The problem is that a university education only offers you theoretical situations instead of practical life situations that can only be achieved through experiencing life. People tend to worry that without at least a degree in a particular field, they are unable to start their own lucrative business, and have the consumers take them seriously.Often people believe that without the proper credentials, it is impossible for their business to ever get off the ground. This is not true. There are many examples of companies that were started by supposedly uneducated people, who have turned their respective businesses into multi-million dollar corporations. For instance, Dave Thomas, founder and owner of the Wendys Corporation. With nothing better than a grade 10 education Thomas took his first Wendys that opened in 1969, and turned it into over 4000 locati ons across North America.Thomas was credited with hard work and life skills that helped him in his venture. From working as a busboy in a small town diner, to cooking for thousands as a chief in the army, Thomas learned the skills needed to create a lucrative business without any formal education. There are thousands of examples of entrepreneurs with no formal education that have made it in the business world. The most important thing to understand is that a business can only go as far as the people are willing to take them.Meaning that if you want to be successful you can encourage your self to take it to the next level without formal education. If you have a formal education, by all means make the most of it. But never use lack of formal education as an excuse and never let yourself feel inferior to those with better formal educations. There is abundant proof that you can reach just about any heights in business without college or even high school education if you will do the thin gs necessary to differently obtain the information and master the skills specifically relevant to your objectives.Entrepreneurs are not always the best educated, but share a thinking pattern unlike those of regular people and are able to take any business with a solid foundation and turn it in to a productive money-making machine. In order to be a successful entrepreneur, one must be able to go against the grain of normal business practice and be able to perform at a pace where they leave the competition in the dust with no remorse. The old saying there are no rules when it comes to love and war also applies to entrepreneurs in business.An entrepreneur must be able show no compassion towards anybody in order to get the job done. It sounds cruel, but some of the most successful people in business today have no remorse for their competition. For example, Mark McCormack the creator of International Management Group (an athlete management corporation) started off with little more than a $1000 and a hand shake, but developed his business into a multi-million dollar corporation by leaving his competition way behind. McCormack was able to do something that had never been attempted before.Many companies fail to place a premium on the real dollar worth of their expertise, or what it would cost an outsider to learn what they already know. McCormack was able to market his knowledge to companies that were unaware of what they really had inside. By showing them what they already new, but by changing the way that they marketed the product McCormack was able to, almost over night, turn a small company distributing out of a barn, into a power house in todays sports entertainment industry. McCormack did not accomplish such a feat by caring about the little guy.In most cases, entrepreneurs are able to set aside their morals and values and go in for the kill. Successful entrepreneurs have a different way of approaching tough business decisions than the average person. They do n ot look at the situation or problem as how it affects the other guy, but how it affects them. When making tough business decisions, an entrepreneur must ask if solution best suits him, or if it best suits morality? In order for the entrepreneur to succeed, the solution must best suit his needs and not the needs of the other guy.Unsuccessful entrepreneurs often find themselves debating on whether or not to charge customers most money the can for their product or service. They feel that by undercutting prices they are in-turn helping themselves to sleep better at night, but you cannot sleep if you cannot afford a place to sleep. In order to be self-sufficient, entrepreneurs must give up morales and values and be able to do what best suits them. The same is true for management in that if the want results from their workers then they must be able to adapt their style to best fit the interests at hand.There is a fairy tale about managers in business, especially big business that corporat e leaders are conservative, rational, deliberate people who arrive at important decisions only after carefully weighing a wealth of data and information. In most cases managers and corporate leaders rely on their staff to provide them with the information needed to make these tough business decisions. Mangers then are faced with the consequences if the result is less than kosher. As the old saying goes if you want something done right you have to do it yourself applies when it comes to managing a top firm.In order for a manager to succeed, they must adapt their staff into a well-oiled machine that works for the most common goal. Managers have to set goals and limitations and make sure that their staff follow the guidelines appropriately for maximum production. Managers cannot baby their staff, as they cannot afford to lend the time in a high-speed industry or business. If you cant take the heat, get out of the kitchen. It is the managers responsibility to weed out those that are not able to perform with the rest of the unit, and in-turn hire people with the skills that best fit their own goals and ambitions.Managers also must be able to go on their own instincts and not always follow facts and figures alone. A good manager is able to assess the situation and then make a decision based on their gut reaction. With these tools a manger is able to succeed in business by breaking all the rules. Managers must use an unorthodox style which allows them to break free from ancient ways of thinking to develop new skills that will help them perform better in their respective businesses.By understanding that positive thinking and motivation can be taken out of context, one can be inspired to change the way that they approach tough business decisions. By also understanding that one does not necessarily need a university education to succeed in business, but by utilizing life experience they can relate business problems to real life situations, and can then solve the pro blem with their best interests in mind. Finally mangers and entrepreneurs must think of themselves first, and then, and only then, will they be able to successfully attack tough business decisions.

Discuss the Following Segments

Discuss the following segments (1)What does dhal rec every by Ideal Democracy in Part 1 of his curb On Democracy? Define and summarize dahls much significant fountainheads. (2)Using what you have detected in Part 1 of the catjang pea book (through Chapter 7), discuss whether or not the founding of our United States (the Articles of Confederation, population of the US governing body)seems to have been democratic? If it was, to what extent was it democratic? How well do you think the early United States,duringour founding years,would measure up to cajan peas framework of ideal republic?Discuss all arguable democratic deficiencies (or shortcomings) that you whitethorn perceive to have existed during those early years. Consider the founding and effects of the Constitution. Relate to Dahl. (3)In your view, how well did the United States measure up to Dahls ideal nationafter the founding(consider the 1800s, bear-Civil warfare Amendments and their arguable impacts, etc. ) a nd through the more recent era of the 1950-1960s push for courteous rights? Again, discuss all democraticdeficiencies, or shortcomings (according to Dahls framework). Do you chance upon any improvements during these many years,from the founding to the 1960s?Was there any developing of our American democracy, any imperfections or flaws as of the 1964/1965 Civil Rights rule that was passed? Relate to Dahls framework. 4) Are any of our complaisant rights and /or liberties at risk today? Consider Justice Scalias comments round voting and racial entitlements (end of February 2013). In addition, you may consider other most-valuable matters. Argue you points. Be sure to relate to Dahls framework. What should be d one and only(a), and by who? Your letter to an official should focus on this segment of sure matters, threats to our democracy.KEEP IN MINDAs you work on this paper, consider Dahls concept of ideal democracy and aim to identify any democratic deficiencies (and any arguabl e tradeoffs) that you perceive to have existed during these times of our countrys development. Always argue for your points. Think about what is significant. Aim to learn virtuallything about our countrys political and social development since nascence through the 1960s obliging rights era. Use and cite any secern you wish. Cite everything used, even if from the text, even if paraphrased. Due to the fairly short space of this paper and the need to imit scope of your material and points, you allow need to call for an outline and hit the more significant or major points. You will decide and argue for your positions on what seems to be significant to the development of democracy in the United States. Think critically. Relate to the Dahl book. SPECIFIC HINTS on the topic You may consider the founding of the United States, including the Articles of Confederation, the Philadelphia Convention, the resulting United States Constitution and any relevant issues or problems that became evident in society, and what we have cover in the course through civil rights and liberties.Regarding issues and events related to civil rights and liberties, did the post-Civil War Amendments and legal decisions (you may consider this as a first civil rights ordure) make any difference to our level or degree of democracy, as defined under Dahls framework? You may consider anypolitical-social-economic problems that led up to the more recent civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. How close to Dahls ideal democracy did these civil rights movements bring our country?Submit Brief OUTLINE (1 rapscallion max, bullet point style is fine). What will you plan to discuss? PAPER and letter 5 to 7 pages in length of paper. This includes a one-page LETTER TO AN OFFICIAL of your choice. What suggestions or demands would you like to make? Also, add title page and reference page at the back (no matter how few materials are utilized). Double-spaced, 1 margins, and some normal font style and size (such as 12). No Wikipedia. computer address EVERYTHING borrowed from other sources, even if paraphrased.You may use parenthetical citations, footnotes or endnotes where applicable. You train the style. Note Preserve your academic integrity and do your own work, will others credit when due. You are responsible for reading and understanding the colleges polity on academic dishonesty / plagiarism (see our college website, and see me if you have any questions). Late FIRST PAPERS will be lowered one full letter grade for each day late. Save all parts of the paper All in ONE FILE and post online under the proper discussion for these papers.

Letter to Editor Essay

I necessitate been looking over the results from the Nation Grade Six assessment which was indite on the 25th and 26th of March by 16,811 students. Congratulations to wholly students who entered this exam, especially the students who have been able to gain a position matchless of Guyanas five (5) top schools. However, it is very noticeable that most of Guyanas top graduates are from a private school/institution. That brings on the musical theme of what really is going on in the public schools in Guyana? are they treated to less?I am not bringing along the thought that all public school students did badly in this immemorial examination, but why arent more of our governmental institutions doing as easily as students of a private school? Is it because of the poverty struck we belong in? Is it because the students are not having the adequate material like textbooks to grow work finished? Is it the unskilled teachers being employed to teach these students? altogether of these things are readily available with high quality to students of private institutions. support in the well old days, no private school could match to a public school, citizens generally preferred to send their children to a public school to ensure they have a proper ground. Today, that is very unsure. not only the standard to public primary schools are dropping, but overly the behavior in the students today that go to public school is treacherous. are they having no discipline? Government, parents and teachers need to work together to rebuild the good foundation and name of primary public schools in Guyana.

Youth Policy Kazakhstan

Introduction It is 8 oclock in the morning. The alarm clock rings and everybody in the house wakes up. Kids get take a leak for school, adults go to work. Only Almas is non in a hurry, it has been six months since he graduated from university and fucknot keep a job that suits him. While studying at university everything seemed so easy Graduate, find a good job, become lavish. However, in reality, getting a job came let on to be not as easy as he expected. Youth unemployment is one of the problems in the interpolation nowadays.The percentage of unoccupied girlish people in Kazakhstan is make up to 28. 6% ( , 2006). This style that the big portion of jejuneness cannot find congruous jobs. It is a recognized fact that unemployment is one of the dynamics through which the favorable condition of a country can be defined. First of all, how can youth be defined? Youth is considered as either a flesh of life or as a social category. The phase of life refers to youth being th e period between childhood and adulthood. In this report I forget consider juvenile people at the age of 20 to 24.Secondly, what is considered as unemployment? According to Investopedia (2012), unemployment is when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work. According to the fall in Nations Economic Committee for Europe (UNECE, 2011), youth unemployment was one of the drivers of the worldwide financial crisis in 2008. Thus, a governmental youth policy is one of the important policy directions in which a lot of countries all over the world atomic number 18 trying to improve nowadays. The Republic of Kazakhstan is also in the magnetic dip of these states.The attitude of the Kazakhstani government to young people is seen in the lawfulness About governmental youth policy ?581 from 7th of July 2004 (Kazahstanskaya Pravda, 2004). This law predicts out that youth are the future of the republic and this law is created to reduce the deed of unemployed youth. According to the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2003) the percentage of youth of the overall population was equal to 29. 1% in 2003 (cited in A complaisant Portrait of Young People in Todays Kazakhstan, 2006).This means that the youth is a significant fraction of the countrys population. Nowadays, young people face difficulties in receiving health service, good education, employment trapping and other social issues. By providing support to this portion of the population and set up more attention to the development of youth policy, the Kazakhstani government could give the country an opportunity to build the basis for the brighter future for Kazakhstan. The main question question of this report is What factors are contributing to youth unemployment?I impart be investigating the reason young people cannot find jobs contempt the fact that the government is making everything they can to reduce the number of unemployed young people. As I am graduating soon this iss ue has a direct connection to me, so I also want to find out what can I do to avoid this problem. In shape to answer the key research question I depart come up the three research objectives. Firstly, as I have written in the previous paragraphs young people have a huge becharm on the economy of any country.That is why I allow for study the current economic, social and political situation in Kazakhstan. Secondly, I allow estimate the effectiveness of youth policy of the government in Kazakhstan. Finally, I go away consider the opinions of young people on the issue of youth unemployment. The research project will consist of a survey and interviews. Questionnaires will be distributed among the alumni students of universities as Kazakhstan Institute of Economics, Management and Strategic Research (KIMEP), University of world-wide Business (UIB), Kazakh-British good University (KBTU) and others.The reason Im choosing exactly Kazakh-British Technical University (KBTU) and others . The reason Im choosing exactly this kind of survey is that results are likely to be objective because of to the anonymity of the surveyed people. Moreover, through questionnaires I will be able to gather information from a significant centre of people in a short time. The surveys are planned to be held during the midterm break (October, 2012). The representatives of such governmental youth organizations such as KIMEP Students Association (KSA) and Zhas Otan Youth Political Party will be interviewed.I will interview them, as they know the problem from the inside from the governmental point of view. Also, they are university graduates, so they can analyze the problem by cartel the two different sides. Interviews are helpful, as during the interview I will be able to ask questions Im interested in and find new information from the knowledge and experiences of the representatives. Interviews will also be held in October, 2012. The first paragraph of this report gives information on the customary background of research problem and also identifies the main research uestion. Moreover, introduction includes the short description of the research methods. It also consists of the work plan. The second region addresses the literature review, which is based on the information collected from academic articles of Google student databases, EBSCOhost, magazines, Kazakhstani discussionpapers, different Internet resources, and books. The third chapter covers the data and methodology information. The attached chapter focuses on the analysis of received data and its discussion. The last chapter is the conclusion. It summarizes the done work.The sources use and gathered are provided in the bibliography section. Each section is approximately from foursome to seven pages. References Eshpanova D. D. & Nysanbaev A. N. (2006). A Social Portrait of Young People in Todays Kazakhstan. Russian Education and Society, 48, 75-96. Retrieved from EBSCOhost Database ? ? 7 2004 581 (Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan most Governmental youth policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan July 7, 2004, ?581).Kazahstanskaya Pravda, 158. (The problem of unemployment amoung young people). (2006). Zakon. Retrieved from http//www. zakon. kz/77840-obsuzhdeny-problemy-bezraboticy-sredi. html United Nations Economic Committee (2011). Men are more affected by rising youth unemployment in most UNECE countries. Retrieved 10, September, 2012, from http//www. unece. org/statshome/news/newsyouth-uneployment-rate. html

Two factors which affected the Stuart economy of 1600-1660

The Stuart economy is invariably difficult to analyse. Unfortunately due to incomplete records we notwithstanding have a rough idea of the stinting growth that England underwent during this era. For example we do not have fully dead-on(prenominal) records that state the exact tribe surface at the time. We also in that respectfore do not have accurate records on the economy either but from parish records and events during this uttermost it is still contingent to make informed conclusions on what the economy was like, and the featureors that stimulated it.The first involvement that is heavy to study when discussing the economy is the universe of discourse surface. According to records found in parishes at the time cosmos was generally on the increase and up come up from 4 to 5 million between 1600 and 1660. tho although the population did gussy up considerably it was certainly not a steady increase and went with with(predicate) phases of decline as well as increase. Surprisingly, according to information nowadays avail open, slightly years burial rates were actually high than baptism rates, purposeing a population decline. in time due to the fact that these records are nightimes incomplete it is not possible to give completely accurate figures about the changes in population during this era. Some historians argue that these changes in population growth point to the fact that the Stuart economy was vastly agrarian. This theory is widely accepted as creation true, it successfully answers the reason for in truth drastic changes in the population size in some areas as agrarian economy can be easily dislocated by meritless winters and poor harvests.Also the records of bad harvests coincide with drops in population during this flow, suggesting that the economy of the Stuart era was finding it very difficult to restrain up with demand. In nine to combat this rise in demand, farmers would need to innovate and experiment with spick-and-span c rops in order to compete. Some historians argue that this menstruation due to the population increase take to a farming revolution as thither is evidence that many another(prenominal) villages adopted the concept of enclosure in order to become more productive.This commercialisation of farming is plan by many to be more favourite than the previously adopted method of subsistence farming. (Growing enough to feed you and your immediate family. ) This proficiency of enclosure meant farmers were able to be more productive and meet higher demands and is generally accepted as a more efficient musical arrangement than subsistence farming. This enclosure method of once community owned palm is purpose to be the start of early capitalism in England, the commercialisation of the fields is therefore thought to be brought about by the pressures of a population on the increase.But were farmers of this period willing to innovate, experiment and try refreshful techniques? Evidence found in the diary of an ordinary farmer of the period is a virile argument that farmers were willing to trial new crops. Robert Loder left(p) a diary concerning his farming and the changes he made to his techniques and crops. It is possible to make that this ordinary farmer was one of many who experimented in order to further their production. However it is still possible to argue that there was a strong amount of conservative farmers who did not adopt these new techniques but there is no evidence to suggest this.Some historians also use examples such as the adoption of tobacco crops in England as a headstone piece of evidence for how adventuress and innovative farmers could be once convinced of the probable of the new farming enterprise. Despite the evidence presented for invention and experimentation there is strong evidence that suggests that farmers struggled to keep up with demand. Sources found for some areas of England suggest that there were huge rises in prices during th is period due to inflation. This evidence is cognise as the Phelps Brown price index.Although this is one of the most commonly employ sources, due to lack of information it only covers certain areas of England, mainly the mho meaning that it is hard to generalise these price rises across England until now it is the scoop out information available. This rise in prices is evidence suggesting that the farmers of the Stuart economy had great fuss despite all their innovation and experimentation to keep up with demand. However some historians still disagree. So the key question still unreciprocated is whether the farmers were able to keep up with constantly growing demand.Obviously it is highlighted by bad harvests how susceptible the agrarian economy was to very cold keen-sighted winters and the obvious problems this could create. However equally it can be argued that through innovation and experimentation farmers managed to meet demand, thus far evidence of heavy inflation duri ng the Stuart period leads many historians to the conclusion that resources were scarce and that the economy due to reliance on uncontrollable variables such as weather was not able to keep up with demand.However on the other hand it is argued by some that the farmers willingness to implement new techniques and methods of farming lead to increased productivity and was able to keep up with increased demand. However due to lack of concrete evidence this issue is still in many historians opinions open to interpretation. other key factor in the development of the Stuart economy was industry. Although industry only made up for around 10% of the economy it is still an important area to analyse to have a full understanding of the economic changes to took place in the Seventeenth century.Firstly it is commonly thought that the incline industrial techniques were inferior to those of Europe. Most goods were thought to have been mystifyd at home base and sold locally. This technique of pro duction suggests an undeveloped industry in England, however these limitations in manufacturing were overcome via exportation to the advanced Europe. The main industry in England at this time was textiles, located in East Anglia.In this period unfinished woollen cloth would be produced and then exported to other countries in order to create a finished product, such as the Netherlands who were thought to be the leading industrial nation of the times. The reason for exporting was strictly because England lacked the techniques and resources to manufacture such products. As farming was the leading source of income in England it is thought that many industrial workers were involved in agriculture as well as the manufacturing of textiles.Although many combined farming with manufacturing and production some did hold backk industry as full-time employment usually through the putting-out system. Besides textiles England also produced scorch, mainly mined in the north-east of England. As L ondon grew in population the North East was able to produce more and more coal to meet demands, although limitations in technology prevented tap below the surface. However transposeing vast quantities of coal is thought by many historians to have been a problem.Roads in this period were thought to be in quite a bad state, and therefore much of the coal mined was transported by sea. This transportation via sea is important. In order to transport such great amounts of coal England you would need a merchant transcend and Royal Navy to provide protection. Despite these measures the fleets that travelled between the northeastern and London still suffered attacks during the wars England had with the Dutch. This is evident when we look at the prices of coal and see that prices doubled during this period suggesting heavy losses from attack.In conclusion it is in all probability right to suggest that industry looked for short-term solutions to meet the demands it faced, although no new techniques or technological advances are evident, this period did see the development of outside trade, a key feature of the Stuart economy with the development of overseas colonies. However it can be argued that changes in agriculture and innovation were more significant, however it is still somewhat important to understand that the Stuart economy did not notwithstanding rely on agriculture alone.