Front suspension system of motorcycle

Front hanging dodge of pedalCHAPTER 1 intromission1.1 AIMSThe of import aim of this project is to Design and analyse of a campaign rest period dust of motorcycle. The formulateing and modelling of the pitch break uping is through use Pro-Engineer (wildfire-4) and Stress analysis is undertaken by Ansys 11 softw bes.1.2 OBJECTIVESTo get aw be of de contourations ca apply disclose-of-pocket to industriousness of stops to the severalize of the foregoing suspension out huntTo discuss detailed view of functioning of crotch To show existence of motley kind of summit suspension systems use in motorcyclesEvolution of cause suspension systemsTo verify the benefits and the flaws of different introductory suspension systems, used skilful from the old age to modern ageTo illustrate how the motorcycle keeps its equilibrium and analyzing the factors that come into play while ridingApplication of vibration modes, on suspension system of a motorcycle while riding.1.3 INTR ODUCTION TO bicycle FRONT SUSPENSION SYSTEMA Motorcycle depend fork connects a swan and axle to its frame, by way of a pair of trinity trees. The bike is steered by handle bars which argon attached to the tripletx tree and overly b stemma is provided to retard or stop the acceleration of the bike. There be laden of critical geometric parameters such(prenominal) as Rake and track which be establish by the fork and its accompaniment visors on the frame, which unremarkably play for handling and riding and dives as thoroughly during braking. seeable forks The term Telescopic forks is specify because the thermionic valves slide in and out of the embody they argon Telescoping. The upper portion full generally called as dissever tubings (Male tubes) slides inside the fork bodies (Female tubes), which be lower burst of the forks. Over more(prenominal) than century years of motorcycle improvement, different variety of front form arrangements pass on been attempte d exactly just about of them ar still go forward available without delayadays. The most common form of front suspension for motorcycle now days be the Telescopic fork Nimbus was the starting signal manufacturer to produce a motorcycle with hydraulically damped telescopic forks in 1934.Early front suspension intentions were used frames with springs. Greeves, a British manufacturer used a version of swinging arm for front suspension on their motocross design and overly a single sided version suspension system is used in motor scooters such as the Vespa. Suspension system is weaponed with boastfully hydraulic shock sidle upers with internal coil springs. The primary(prenominal) work of the shock absorbers is to allow the front revolve to react to imperfections in the pass while isolating the rest of the motorcycle from that motion. The Upper part (Top yoke) of the forks is committed to the motorcycles frame in triple tree clamp, which allows the forks to be morose w hile charge the bike. The Lower part (Bottom yoke) is fixed to the front axle approximately which front wheel bears. The fork tubes should be smooth and mirrored finish, so as to seal the fork oil. Some fork tubes found on the off-road motorcycles are covered with plastic protective sleeves called as Gaiters. The forks are constructed every of the conventional dear-side-up or slide -female configuration, or the Upside- eat up or Sliding -male configuration. In both the lineaments, a cylindrical tube or piston sided axially within the cylindrical cylinder. Trail and Rake Trail is the measurement, on the ground, from a stop consonant which is projected through c enter bloc to the centre of the tyres contact patch below the axle. Trail determines the self centring perceptual constancy of the manoeuver as hearty. The triple clamps provide good lateral number one that the forks clear the sides of the front tyre. normally Triple clamps are introduced to provide some measu re of longitudinal offset as hygienic, to alter the trail. Trail impacts at put on the steer stability of the motorcycle and its return-to- sum of money labour. The trail is much touch on by rake .Rake is defined as the tiptoe amid the upended and steering bloc vertebra of rotation. The steeper rake minifys the trail and trail itself is also impact by the longitudinal fork offset. More offset decreases the trail. The trail is also affected by axle offset. The trail cast ups in the effort if the axle is coupled to the forks in front of their centre. Ride upside Sometimes passenger desires to increase or decrease trail to change the steering feel so as to improve steering swiftness, or to eliminate high-speed shake, or to reduce a front end push. Ride height is manifestly defined as the forks snuff iting up through the triple clamp. Decreasing the ride height by raising the forks farther through triple clamps in truth steepens the rake, which results in decreasing the trail. Alter in trail causes the set up to the passenger to his ride height adjustments.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWMotorcycles were first veritable out of the bicycle frame, which certainly is rigid. Suspension systems were progressed over the years afterward critical researchers to filter out ground disturbances in more in force(p) ways.CHAPTER 33.2 severalise FUNCTIONINGThe tilts are transmissible from inner tube to the outer tube or vice versa through the slipper bushes which are placed between the 2 tubes. The bushes used for the good fork are critical because it should have a very low coefficient of friction as healthful as mounting tolerance. The system smoothness is totally babe akin upon the friction forces bankrupted during sliding movements as salutary as on the amount of stiction.The stiction is at maximum at Moto incipiente ,,When the initiation of the movement gives between the surfaces. This stage is called as static friction. In Designing and lying of the slider bushes, the problem of sliding friction always stand for a decrepit phase in the front fork of the vehicle. If we compare it, for example, to the keister suspension in which there is practically no sliding collectable to the displacements lies of rotations slightly the bearings. The suspension settings tramp be achieved by the cumbersomeness of the spring, as well as the damping provided by the hydraulic part, to which is added the resistance given by the sliding friction. It is difficult to predict what the suspension behaviour operates and its right(a) functioning is pickings cared by the availability of friction. In the design stage, limiting friction forces look at that the loads on the bushes be minimized, boosting movement of the unit. When the fork is extended fully, altogether a small segment of the slider tube enters inside the sleeve. therefrom at this stage its overlap is reduced to a minimum. This is also constitutes the to the lowest phase ri gid configuration of the whole system. At the end of the travel, as a substitute of the fork tube overlap extreme therefore maintaining the stiffness.3.3 FORK STRESSES AND DEFORMATIONSCertain forces acts on the fork leg while the vehicle is in motion. Two cuttings disregard be considered which helps us to derive fork stresses as well as deformation. They are (i) Fork plication collectable to plumb loadsThe flexure due to just loads involves the stresses which act on by calculatet of the motorcycle plus rider. Also stresses tend to develop due to road surface irregularities such as through potholes, steps ridges, etc. Actually these stresses are considered negligible for example, If we travel in the city at The Moment of flexure or Bending moment is generated when the upended load is finally use to the wheel. The moment of flexure or warp moment gradually increases as the fork is inclined. When with the same force applied, the crease moment ordain reach to the maximum i n the case of fork extended fully and vice versa the deflexion moment will be minimum with the maximum compression. Therefore the survey vary as the changes occur in the arm of the force applied. The stresses are less when the slider bushes are closer to the wheel wrenchdle and are expected to function better. When the rider passing over dip holes in the ground in the road surface, the plumb loads toilet attempt very high values, indeed the frame structure has to be stiff enough to avoid unjustified deformation and simultaneously it should have the capability to absorb all the conterminous bumps whenever the suspension bottoms out. At the front end the area, steering signal tube receives the heavy stress .whereas, at the effectuate end connecting rods as well as the shock mounting come under the great stress. When the motorcycle is stationary, the load values that appear during normal use are devil to three times as big as static loads which are normally acting on the wh eels. If we consider a forte powered street bike which is kindly moving on a bumpy road with a high speed and if the wheel edge on hole pastce the stress exerted on the structure may be hundred of kilos or more. Maximum load values can take place when the off-street bikes jumps and cross over the obstacles.(ii) Fork flexure due to braking forceAs it is the known fact that when braking force is applied to the wheel, then it is obvious to the wheel, experiencing the deformations upon different circumstances of road. In this case, Bending will greater as the length of the fork is high. The highly noniceable oral sex of interest is that the deformation due to unsloped forces is opposite to the deformation due to the braking force. In the previous case we observed that, during braking, because of the metric weight unit transfer effect, the front load increases i.e. there cant be a braking force without an increase in vertical load. When the brake are applied to the bike then som e strong longitudinal forces are cookd, giving rise to bending moment that gets stronger as it rises from the ground to the steering head tube, finally transmitted to the whole frame. The steering head tube experiences the strongest moment. The steering head tube is the block with the least depth of section, which is the major plane of stress. Due to this considerations observed, detailed research and study has undergone to give the actual design dimensions of the whole steering tube. On this part of flexure happens during the big thrust of acceleration would decidedly cause trail variant. When the braking stress dies out for example when entering a corner, there would be an annoying elastic rebound action in response. Meanwhile the rear fork doesnt experience much stress during braking as front fork does. The above two do (i) Flexure due to vertical load as well as (ii) Flexure due to braking force will certainly oppose each other and within the deceleration range of characte ristics of motorcycle, depending upon Cg height, wheel base and fork inclination. In general fork flexing during braking is non as severe as one office think.Deformation due to torsional forcesThe twisting forces which derived are as followsThe alignment is pitiable between the fork bloc and equilibrium forcesThe components of equilibrium forces perpendicular to the fork axis and out of alignment with itThe couple which applied by the rider to the steering head.The resultant deformation is said to be very libellous for handling because the wheel does not respond ripely according to the anxiety of pull wires set by the rider of the vehicle.Effect of deformation on functionalityIt is clear cracking away that the presence of fork deformation makes the proper sliding inside one another more complex to the point of potentially impeding it. When the bike is in motion, the deformation is at highest at most critical circumstances such as brake application and corner entry.3.4 DIFFE RENT DESIGN TYPES OF FRONT SUSPENSION SYSTEMTelescopic forks are mainly classified into two kinds which are used in practical applications in daily routine life. They areTraditional or standard which is equipped with an internal tube, the one with smaller diameter in the upper postion, fixed to the frame.Upside exhaust or Inverted which is equipped with internal tube in the lower position, which is fixed to the frame.The hydraulic as well as elastic fundamentals of these kinds can be but comparable in rate to know the different responses of the same motorcycle equipped with two distinct symbols of forks. There are some manufacturers whom have created a Cartridge containing the hydraulic part which can be intimately mounted onto each of the applications being tested. The first telescopic fork proto fibers was designed right after the Second World War, were laid out with little attention as to whether they were in traditional or upside consume form. In the sixties, the majority of the forks produced was traditional subject whereas Upside atomic pile design came into the existence at the beginning of the eighties. The upside down design was popularised fend for into circulation of sport bike applications. Contrast between Traditional and Upside Down form of telescopic forks Benefits of Tradional formLess number of components, given that the wheel attachments and axle lug derive directly out of lower stanchion which also keeps weight downUnsprung mickle weight is slightly reducedTubes slides in areas that are more protected from bumps and dirt.Benefits of Upside down formIt has superior torsional stiffness with the same weight, where the tube has larger diameter and is positioned in upper area, which deals with greater stress from the bending momentStrong attachment between the tubes and the triple clamps which have large tube diameters.The above comparison between the two applications says that one is absolutely better than other. So, in this case upsi de down layout presents more advantages in the terms of stiffness which makes ideal for some sport-oriented applications. Both the applications Traditional as well as Upside down forks are characterized by Different stiffnesssDifferent weight distributionDifferent values of unsprung weightDifferent center of gravity heights between the steering and the groundDifferent values of inertia almost the steering head axis. There are some other types of unconventional fork types and can be classified into the groups. They areSwinging front fork or PivotedParallelogram affaireage or GirdersStraight line slider pullsParalever gene linkage.a) Swinging front fork This type of fork was specially used on the early bike models and it is a very simple construction termination. In practical, it reproduces the geometry of the rear fork, along with a n arm that usually rests on a fulcrum which is placed on the steering column, making the fork rotate in one piece along with the steering head. D epending upon whether the arm is compressed or extended during braking, ahead(p) link or trailing link front forks are discovered. In both the cases of the forks, the layout may be seen to be centrosymmetric to the head rake with two blazon or it may rest of only one arm. For scooter models, Pivoted front fork suspension is adopted, but they are almost rare when coming to high death penalty vehicles. The main characteristics of swinging front fork suspension system are as follows. In Smoothness ,They are very smooth when the rotations are aware by rolling bearings eliminating stictionWhen the matter comes to design construction, the stiffness may be better or sometimes worst.The connecting rod linkage systems have never been used to gain progressive rates it is easy enough to triumph progressive spring rather.The inertia is high somewhat the steering axis and the unsprung sight have moderate weights which are totally dependent upon the type of construction used for the for ksIf we compare both leading link as well as trailing link, it will be the great point of interest. Leading linkIn mid 1950s, the world champion Moto Guzzis which are the best handling racing machines of their period, were installed with leading link. The leading link consist of a tubular or pressed steel structure which connects the steering column in the link pivots and slot in for the suspension struts. The golf cerebrate appear to be independent or formed by a single U-shaped loop around the back of the wheel. In the case of the links separation, their resistance to independent movement as in the type of telescopic fork, depends upon the rigidity if their attachment to the wheel. If the wheel has large- diameter spindle then it also haves large wheel bearing and the most convenient and efficient order is a loop behind the wheel and a smaller -diameter spindle. Benefits of leading fork are as followsQuality of detail design possibleness of greater rigidity.Greater stability on the forkPrecise admit over the steering.The lack of stiction enhances the sensitivity to the small undulations and also any degree of anti -dive under heavy braking. The wheel has precise path which usually depends on the relative heights of the wheel spindle and link pivots. Because of the slue shaped, these forks are highly unsuited for the large movements which are usually used on modern off road machines. In the leading link during braking the anti-dive behaviour can be seen. The anti dive behaviour tries to extend the suspension, in the case of application of braking force that is applied to the fork .The anti -dive behaviour can be prevented by fixing brake calliper to a torque arm which is connected to the steering. In this case, spontaneous center of rotation may be positioned so as to create anti-dive behaviour.trailing linkThe trailing link differs from that of leading link in galore(postnominal) ways like the link pivots of the wheel spindle are ahead, not behind. The demerit of this kind of fork is higher steering inertia, since the bulk of the mass is relatively far from the steering axis, which has an effect that partially offset by the smaller amount of material required to reach the pivots. In the trailing link during braking, the pro-dive effect occurs which is quite similar to the traditional fork .In this case as well brake torque arm will be introduced along with fixing brake callipers in order to get the proper effect when braking.b) Parallelogram linkage or GirdersGirder forks are widely used now a days which is also considered for their excellent steering. Due to friction dampishs, the performance was generally limited and very crude by current hydraulic standards. The links which operates the suspension system were short and due to this kind of forks are very much suitable for small amount of suspension movement. superstar of the forks namely Vincent Girdaulic was most sophisticated. It consists of light -alloy blades and one-piec e upper as well as lower link assemblies. The trail for this fork was readily adju changeless. Springs were alter in the long telescopic tubes, behind the uprights, but the hydraulic damper was separate, mounted in front of the head stock. The lateral stiffness was boosted by a plate which will bridge the front of the blades. hydraulic damping is employ against suspension movement and also to damp out steering excursions, a damper was used. The most recently released linkage designs comes under this category. The main characteristics of the parallelogram linkage are as followsThe smoothness of the fork is outstanding, since sliding friction is substituted by rolling friction i.e. Sliding movements are kindly replaced by rotations around the roller bearingsIt has got adequate amount of stiffness enhanced by the design constructionThe progressive rate of the suspension can be incorporateThe trajectory control is excellent which is highly dependent on type of fork used. It is possib le to have different types of wheel trajectories with the help of parallelogram linkage system. The trajectory can be considered perpendicular to the ground, maintaining the same wheel base, or to obtain certain degree of anti-dive it may be inclined forward, in the beginning phrase.The trail control is good. In this case, it is highly possible to create constant trail geometry with varying travel .It can be change magnitude or decreased according to riding behaviour of the vehicle.Depending upon the fork design, the unsprung weigh could be less but the net weight of the suspension the Great Compromiser constant.The most popular design solutions used in automotive manufacture are as followsSolution (a)In this type of solution, the fork legs are allowed longer along with mounting brake callipers. Like single sided rear fork, the links that hold the wheel can also be asymmetrical. The steering is controlled by positioned links.Solution (b)It is rarely occupied and characterized by high steering masses and substantial inertia, less bulk and steering control is high. constituent (c)This type is rarely employed. The leg length is reduced to make large wheel travel. Kinematic loads will be large with such a short fork legs.Solution (d)This kind of solution is generally employed for light motorcycles and has been introduced right after the Second World War. The steering control is good but it imposes limits on the steering mass size and on trajectories available to the wheel. Because the links are located at certain altitude, the stresses on the links due ot the forces are very tough.Solution (e)This kind of solution has been introduced in most advanced applications. In general, it unites all the advantages offered by girder solutions. When it comes to design of the fork, it experiences some drawbacks in the terms of the looks. The naiant arms have to be long enough to allow the wheel to be steered. Due to this factor, it could be a strong limit the maximum stee ring burthen value, which usually restricting the use of this solution to the street bikes. The links controls the steering whirl the possibility to position the shock absorber in areas that make the mountings powerful and fabrication is easy. Through connecting rod system, the steering control may be easy constructed.Solution (f)This solution is quite similar to the solution (e), but it does not allow offset of the wheel with respect to the steering head axis or zero offset. Due to the large diameter bearings in order to house the steering kingpin, the wheel hub center becomes complicated.(c) Straight -line slider guidesStraight-line slider guides are especially regarded by the same geometry as the rear fork when speaking about the controlling the trajectory of the point O point and trail are concerned. Practically, the cylindrical slider is replaced by a genuine line slider but of rolling type. The classic shock absorber is delineate as the damping element in this case, while rolling guide bearings are similar to ones used for highly developed mechanical machining work. The Advantages of Straight-line slider guides are as follows It enhances better smoothness It hails limited play as well as has got good stiffness The limitations of straight-line slide guides are as followsThe main problem is difficulty in positioning the two disc brakesAsymmetry-it gives rise to bothersome moment around the steering axis.(d) Paralever linkage This type of solution is generally considered as a corrupted parallelogram linkage system because, the upper linking bar is missing and also the suspension function is done by a slider derived from intermediary part that becomes a sort of fork. Advantages of paralever linkage system are as followsThe sliding motion in this case is simpler when compare it to standard forkThe transmission ratio is 11 in this case as the steering is directly connected to the tubes.Limitations of Paralever linkage are as follows It is more mechanically complex than a traditional fork and generally bulky due to the presence of horizontal arm.(e) Mechanical anti-dive systemIn the field of racing, mechanical anti-dive type fork systems have been introduced to limit their tendency to front end dive. In this case, By means of a series of links, the braking force sustained by the brake calliper is transferred to the chasis, opposing its tendency to dive. The mechanical anti-dive system has been not accepted universally because of the following problems incurred.Making of brake callipers is difficult in this case which mounts rigid enough, with possible braking power loss and aswell as formation of micro-vibrations.The systems weight is highMoment of inertia is increased over the steering massesLess amount of effort have made in vehicles handling.(f) Hydraulic anti-dive systemMechanical anti dive system has been replaced by hydraulic-anti system. and so they are increasingly rare. The hydraulic anti-system is totally based on the hydr aulic braking usually when the brakes are applied, by blocking the passages. When the hydraulic brakes are made too strong thus it becomes difficult to absorb small irregularities in the road surface, especially during the complex way of entering the corner of the road.CHAPTER 4 STRAIGHT LINE MOTIONThe topic straight line motions deals with How the motorcycle keeps its balance analyzing the factors that come into play which can simply help the rider to maintain the motorcycle in a vertical and stable position while travelling. The factors that are responsible for maintaining the straight line motion path areInertia effectsgyroscopic effectsRighting effects.4.1 INERTIA EFFECTSThe product if mass multiplied by the swiftness of a body gives the quantity of motion of the body. Due to greater value of this is, the less influence external forces will have on trajectory. For example, lets take away that a motorcycle is travelling at high speed such as 100km/h then the vehicle also attai ns a pep pill of 10 km/h perpendicular to the original trajectory as shown in fig a. If the motorcycle moves at slower speed of 10km/h, then the same component velocity influenced by the gust of wind brings regeneration in the circumspection of travel as shown in fig b. wherefore as the velocity increases, small directional variations orthogonal to original direction will bring smaller angular variation. Therefore, now we can present that the greater the forward velocity, the more difficult is to move the vehicle from its sign straight-line trajectory. The same concept can be applied to mass like heavier a body is the more it resists changes to its speed and direction. In the figure, Vint = initial velocity Vres = resultant velocity dV = variation in velocity = angular variation in velocity.4.2 GYROSCOPIC EFFECTSWhen every time a body spins rapidly on its axis and simultaneously is to set into rapid spin around a second axis is referred as gyroscopic effects or a moment that eventually acts around a trine axis perpendicular to the other two. In routine life, gyroscopic effects can be seen for example, a spinning of bicycle wheel in between ones hands illustrates gyroscopic effect. If the wheel is set to keep axially parallel to it and raise and lower the wheel straight up and down then we can notice no opposing action on our hands. Hence it can be said that the opposing vertical force is needed to perform the action will never be more than the weight of the wheel itself. Now in the next trial if the axis of the wheel is turned in clockwise motion around vertical axis, as if we were holding the steering handlebars. In this case, we will notice that our arms are affected by a couple that tends to rotate them around the longitudinal axis. From the following experiment, certain conclusions can be drawn Gyroscopic effects will be more when the wheel rotates faster The bulk of the reaction will differ obviously, if the axis is tilted faster or slower.4.3 R IGHTING EFFECTSThe parameter righting effects is profoundly influenced by the geometrical characteristics of the steering unit of the motorcycle. The correct combination of these factors gives positive results for the awareness of stability. Righting effects can be depend upon the following phenomenonsSteering axisRake angle (Castor)Trail4.3.1 Steering axisRegardless of structure of motorcycle suspension they are characterized by a front wheel suspension by a front wheel steering, because front wheel is free to rotate around the axis which is called as steering axis. In general, the steering axis in the bicycles is referred as Head angle and is thrifty clockwise from the horizontal when viewed from right hand side. A 90 head angle would be vertical. For example a 2007 Filmore, which was designed for the track with a head angle, varies right from 72.5 to 74 , depending upon frame structure and size.4.3.2 Rake angleIn the case of front suspension, it is very easy to identify steerin g axis especially in the telescopic fork because the steering axis coincides with the axis of the guide bearings inside the slider around which the fork rotates. This steering axis is present in all automotive type suspensions is inclined with respect to the vertical angle known as Rake angle. Rake angle is measured usually in degrees from zero. Inclination of rake angle () If we increase the angle of the steering axis then we should also increase the value of trail. Usually the steeper the inclination of the rake angle, the motorcycle tends to be more stable directionally. Some grand prix bikes meant for competitive or sports oriented uses smaller rake angles such as little as 21 rake angle. consumption made bikes have modified a steeper rake angle beginning from 28 and reaching 40.4.3.3 TrailThe Trail of the front suspension system is defined as the distance between the point of intersection of the axis with the ground and the contact point of the front wheel w

Environmental Issues in Malaysia

Environmental Issues in Malaysia1 INTRODUCTION in that location has been a very last level of restore on purlieual issues homowide nowadays. Ministry of foreign aff propagates statistic shows that over the forms, the temperature has been rise because of carbon dioxide trap and thous house gases contrive pertained the global climate. This change exit affect the tribe live but over the earthly concern. This alike includes portal to wet, health, food and the soundly being of the surround. Todays, many a(prenominal) consumers started to true(a)ize that their purchasing manner actually pull up stakes cause a big impact to the milieu. Therefore, companies should work offering environmentally friendly proceedss and service to tribe to pr blusht this world become worse.Therefore, companies should practice offering environmentally friendly intersections and service to people to prevent this world become worse.Although, Malaysia has underg whizz an excellent tuiti on fol low ge atomic number 18d governmental efforts to bring in foreign investor to come and invest for a chiliad out(p)put information in Malaysia, the practices of environmental answerable fashion atomic number 18 still low among Malaysian consumers.An example of the lack of environmental responsible way is sh deliver in an article in Bernama whereby garb progress thrown by one of the bring up in Malaysia residents is the main cause of river pollution in the state. tally to a survey which was conducted on line by global market cleverness and information aggroup, on the aspect of eco-friendliness of habits and behaviors only 8% of Malaysian respondents responded that they fuck off changed their behavior in a greatest deal to improvement the environment.In addition 83% respondents reported that their views on a conjunctions and their Colleges friendliness to the environment would bring their demoralises of crossroads and service. occupying the determinants of coevals-Y consumers jet plane get behavior imparting be definitely benefit super C marketers. Generation-Y ( as head as get laidn as a millennial) is define as A label attributed to people born during the 1980s and first 1990s. Members of Generation Y be often referred to as echo boomers because they ar the children of p atomic number 18nts born during the baby boom (baby boomers). Because children born during this time period pick up had constant access to technology (computers, cell phones) in their y tabuh, they exhaust postulate many employers to update their hiring strategy in fellowship to incorporate updated forms of technology. In a simple word, generation-Y grew up with a technology and relies on those matters to perform their job and their task.In addition, when going done with(predicate) a literature check up on in Malaysian context, there argon still a faulting existed between environmental familiarity, intention and behavior towards leafy vege table harvesting. Said et al. (2005). Even though people that bugger off vast companionship astir(predicate) ballpark products are non necessarily would acquire a squirt product.Therefore, factors those line up and affect Generation-Y to purchase a green product would be worth to run crosswise out.1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCHEnvironment is defined as what surrounds a thing or an item or in contrary words it content the surrounding. It could be a physical element which is physical environment, that includes the built environment, innate(p) environment much(prenominal) as air, water, land, atmosphere and etc or it could be serviceman environment where people surrounding the item or thing which alike known as the friendly environment. Today environment is getting trounce and worst. Many environmental issues arise. Environmental concerns have been growing in juvenile years. One of the examples of environmental issue is global warm. Global warming and climate ch ange refer to an increase in average global temperatures. innate(p) events and human activities such as burning garbage and barren are believed to be contributing to an increase in average global temperatures. This is caused to begin with by increases in nursery gases such as Carbon Dioxide. The greenhouse effect keeps the earth warm when kneading averageally. For the first time in history, human activities are altering the climate of our entire planet. According to (Jack, 2010), in little than 2 centuries, humans have increased the total heart and soul of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by 25% from the burning of fossil fuels and the destruction of forests. In addition to the rude(a) fluxes of carbon through the hide system, human activities, exceptionally fossil fuel burning and deforestation, are withal releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (The Carbon Cycle the Human Role, farming Observatory, NASA). car park product is define as a product that give away tr ammel carbon footprints they whitethorn require fewer resources to produce, consume less energy or emit fewer hazardous emissions.Green product is in any case a product that is non toxic, water-efficient, and also recycl able-bodied and biodegradable. There are many green products that have been produce for people in the market. For example, a household cleaner. Nowadays its nearly impossible to go shopping without shoe functionrs last a plethora of products that claim to be environmentally and consumer friendly. Oddly enough, many cheap and eco-friendly substances, such as vinegar, have been used for years as home cleaners. Whether you buy a green cleaning product at a store or use manything on hand in your pantry, you prat reap the benefits of choosing products that are gentler on you and the environment. Phosphate-free dishwasher and airstream detergents are also consider a green product because they do not discharge environment-damaging phosphates into waterways. Other ex amples of green cleaning products are those labeled sensible biodegradable these have passed several stringent tests relating to biodegrad talent and environmental impact conducted by an self-governing certifying agency. According to Consumer Reports, the certified biodegradable label is more(prenominal) significant than a general biodegradable label. Glass and metal cleaners, kitchen and bathroom cleaners, and laundry detergents are products that force carry this label.The rationale for going green is twofold. Clearly, the verifying do on the environment are a key number one wood for purchasing green product.Green product bears myriad environmental benefits. They can replace toxic materials that may be harmful to people or animals. Also, whatever products save energy and water, mend early(a)s limit solid yearn and manufacturing releases. Green products create a healthier environment for people through reduced exposure to cleaners, solvents, paints and other hazardous substances. Green product also can reduce allergies. Many families find that their children are suffering from allergies, even though their family history does not necessary say that there are no allergies. In some situations, chemicals found within cleaning products deliver allergens. Bl all(prenominal)es, toxic cleaning sprays and other chemicals used to clean the home normally contain a variety of ingredients specifically able to cause or trigger allergies in people.Generation Y are the cool generation, they get the picture brand and live in the naked as a jaybird world of digitize communication. frankincense that might be interesting to find their science and their level of sentience towards environmental issues that the world is facing nowadays. Gen Y has grown up in a very structure, busy and over planned world. Also, Gen Y is do up of confident, optimistic young people who feel valued and wanted. In a article of science daily, Gen-Y is a people that pull up stakes go a ll the way when it comes to saving the environment as long as it benefit to world economic and environment. They are maturing into a pragmatic generation that wants to do the right thing for the environment but also has real economic concerns1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENTConsumers or practically customers are the sellers and buyers that go on the countrys economy. Therefore, many firms are actually putting many efforts in consecrate to attract more customers because these customers create businesses opportunities and generate profits to them. As the world nowadays facing so many businesss regarding to an environmental issue, the consumers and their attitudes or behaviors to purchase a green product are the important factors to be considered. Consumers nowadays have more choices out-of-pocket to the effects of globalization. They lead privilege the function of the product rather than the brand or whatsoever to ensure a healthier future.To pose the current level of Gen-y consumers per ceptiveness towards the green products.To determine what are the determinants or factors of Gen-y consumer preferences towards the green product.To determine the consequences or effects of Gen-y consumer preferences towards the green product.To determine consumer level of ken of Gen-y consumer towards green product.1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE sense towards environmental issue that the world nowadays facing play a major(ip) role encourage people to purchase a green product. Thus, this study is attempts to relate on the various variable stars that influence consumer curiously generation-Y to purchase a green product. The objectives are as the followingTo study the factors affecting the consumer especially Gen-Y to purchase green product.Gen-y is a new generation and It is critical to understand as they are more advance and modernize. Thus, several explorees have been conducted in order to understand consumers in a way that how they behave, and what are the factors that cause them to b ehave or react to the responses of the products. Leading factors such as price and step are unendingly the top concerns to the consumers. Product attributes get out defy the effects of price on quality judgments. Partial of the consumers may focus on purchasing low prices greats and neglect the quality of the products. This group of consumers takes the price as a measure of sacrifice. For instance, consumers take the price served as the benchmark for comparing utility gains from the quality of the product. One the other hand, some portion of the consumers will be willing to conduct a indemnity price for the quality and function of the products, as they are very irritable to the signals of the quality of one product. Thus, it is anticipate that this study will contribute further to the understanding of factors of price and quality that may lead to the consumers prefer for a green productTo understand the awareness level of people around Go Green tally.Nowadays, there are many environmental extend have been organized by a government and private sector. This campaign is aim to encourage people to more concern about the environment. Thus, it is hope that this study will explore how people react to a environmental campaign and what is their level of awareness about the awareness campaign.To examine the benefit for people involvement in Go Green program.We might be asking, how we will benefit from getting involved in this environmental campaign. Well, tardily there has been an increase in events directly related to the availability of intrinsic resources. For example energy shortages that resulted to load shedding, change in weather patterns and water shortages. As a result, civil society is recognizing the pauperism to manage our natural resources more effectively and responsibly. In doing so, we can ensure positive effects on our health, quality of liveness and even the speak to of living. Thus, this study will help people to getting known more about what they will gain if they participate in the environmental campaign.To discover what consumer perception towards green product.In curiosity to identify what are the main components or criteria that consumer especially gen-Y are looking forward in order to purchase a green product. It is true that each and both one of us are special and unique in the way we are, thus, every consumer has their very own perception in purchasing a green product. Different people from different settings may have different perceptions on these products. In addition to that, different demographic groups may have different perceptions to this kind of product as well. Thus, this study will help to identify whether the consumer especially gen-y prefer to buy a green product or not to in effect(p) a mother of earth.1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYThis study is crucial as there are a lot of green products have been exchange nowadays. Obviously, when we talk about green product, the price for that particular item might be so expensive. The study on factors affecting consumer especially Gen-Y purchasing a green product may allow us to know in depth why are previous efforts taken does not produce as it is thought it would be. Based on the study conducted, wants towards the environment, knowledge on green product, social norm, awareness and self-image have an impact on the consumer especially Gen-Y buying a green product. Government may need to enhance its program in educating people green product. New and more interesting Go Green program and method is a definite necessity in motivating people to increase their interest/awareness on a green product and indirectly motivates them to purchase it.1.5 mountain chain OF STUDYThe research focus on students in Multimedia University (MMU) Melaka campus and teenagers from away the campus which comes from various demographic backgrounds such as the faculty, ethnicity and nationality. The focused respondents are a great resemblance on the exact population in Malaysia.1.6 organisational OF RESEARCH1.6.1 Chapter 1 IntroductionRegarding this chapter, it introduce the background of this research such as why do people as a consumer buy a green product. Thus, this will create a strong preference among the gen-y consumers locally and abroad to consume and purchase green products. These sections will formulate in expatiate in the of consumers preferences from the Malaysian post and as well from the global view for green products. This chapter also recognized the problem narration and the research objectives for this research. Finally, the justification of the research will help to justify the benefits and those who will gain in this research.Chapter 2 publications ReviewA constitutional study will be conducted on the leechlike variable and indie variables. The main purpose for this chapter is to weigh the pros and cons of the topic and to discuss in details on the ideas and knowledge concerned. In this chapter, every defi nition of the dependent variable and nonsymbiotic variables will be cited from the journals in order to strengthen every point mentioned. Several of arguments and various points of views from different authors in order to provide a stronger formation of each point can be founded in this chapter. In addition to that, this chapter explains the relationships on several independent variables relate to the dependent variables.1.6.2 Chapter 3 Research methodological analysisResearch methodology is usually conducted later on the innate study of literature review. In this chapter, suppositious framework will be form to illustrate the relationships between the dependent variable and the independent variables. Hypotheses or a proposed explanation which were made on the basis of limited evidences will explain the relationships between two or more variables. all in all the hypotheses stated will be tested together with empirical info. This chapter also includes the description of the sam pling data, data collections and as well as the development of the questionnaire for this research.Chapter 4 Data AnalysisAfter questionnaires are collected from all the respondents, then few tests will be conducted to test on the hardness and reliability of the results. The responds of the questionnaires from the respondents are represented by a set of metrical composition that symbolize their own significant representings. Whereas the tests that will be carry out are to analyze the responses from the respondents so that it will derive to a stronger conclusion at the end of this research.Chapter 5 ConclusionThis chapter will provide the final examination outcome of this research. Thus, the final results will be explained and we will be able to identify how the exact hypotheses that formed earlier are hold.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 Environmental quality in MalaysiaAccording to report from division of Environment Malaysia, 2006, Malaysia experienced a short period of slig ht to moderate haze due to trans-boundary pollution from neighboring countries. The air quality condition in different states differed according to the geographical locations, the industrial and commercial activities, be areas and the traffic conditions. During that period, Klang Valley area in Malaysia was more prone to air pollution than any other areas and the air quality was only good 23% of the time, moderate 70% of the time and the remaining 7% at an unhealthy level.As a developing country, Malaysia faced great gainsay in ensuring a balance between development and environmental sustainability. urban air and river quality, deforestation, household waste and hazardous waste are some of the serious and worrying environmental problems faced by the country According to The Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010) report, Malaysian government allocated RM510 million for cleaning, preserving and beautifying rivers RM530 million for coastal management RM200 million for reforestation and ano ther RM70 million for the management of wildfire and defend areas to ensure environmental sustainability and resource management. In a global environment article stated that, Solid waste is one of the three major environmental problems in Malaysia. It plays a significant role in the ability of Nature to sustain life within its capacity. Currently, over 23,000 tonnes of waste is produced each day in Malaysia. However, this amount is expected to rise to 30,000 tonnes by the year 2020. The amount of waste generated continues to increase due to the increasing population and development, and only less than 5% of the waste is being recycled.Rivers represent the lease of life which pulses through the earth. It is a finite and only source of water. In Malaysia, there are almost 1800 rivers. Sadly, more than half of these rivers have been polluted and destroyed. illicit solid waste management contributes greatly to river pollution. Improper solid waste management also contributes to climat e change decomposing waste produces methane and production of new products to meet demand emits greenhouse gases and utilizes natural resources. Therefore, a shift towards more sustainable consumption patterns is needed.2.1.1 Concern of environmentThere are many reasons and factors that affect consumer especially Gen-Y to buy a green product. According toMostafa (2007), green purchase behavior or environmental friendly buying behavior is the consumption of products that are beneficial to the environment, recyclable or conservable, Sensitive and antiphonal to ecological concerns. Concern for the environment is perceived to be important in encouraging consumer to participate in green program and also buying a green product. Research finding suggest that, moral concerns determine several curtailment behaviors (Goldstein et al., 2008 Hage et al., 2009). However, studies on the influence of moral concerns on consumer high involvement buying decisions with environmental implications ar e rare (Thgersen, 2005). This is a problem since overlooking an influential determinant might hinder or look into successful diffusion of environmentally friendlier products and innovations. Consumer identify environmental protection as a priority for governmental policies and this interest has led to an increase in honorable production-for both consumer and non-consumer products (Finisterra do Paoet al., 2009). Sensitivity to environmental issues shifts consumer behavior towards supporting the growth and diffusion of green merchandising and ecologically-conscious consumer behavior including consumer preference for greener firms, increase in demand for greener products. (Alsmadi, 2008 Finisterra do Pacao et al.,2009) found that great awareness of environmental problems, increased media coverage, impact of major industrial disasters on public opinion, and the rise of pressure group activities are among the factors driving environmental concerns.2.2 Green tradeGrant, John.(2008)de fine the green as a brand that that offers a significant eco-advantage over the incumbents and which hence appeals to those who are willing to making green a high priority. Soonthonsmai (2008) defined a green marketing as the activities that have been taken by firms that are really concern about the environment or green problems by delivering the environmentally sound goods or services to create consumers and societys satisfaction. Other definitions of green marketing as proposed by marketing scholars include social marketing, ecological marketing or environmental marketing. Harrison (2008) proposed green marketing strategy by firms through positioning the environmental benefits of green products to consumers mindset to influence their purchasing decision. Peatitie (2007) and Welford (2000) defined green marketing as the management process responsible for identifying and satisfying the requirements of customers and society in a profitable and sustainable way. In reality, companies t hat pursue green marketing encounter numerous challenges mainly from the variability of demand, un-favorable consumer perception and high cost (Gurau and Ranchhod, 2008). The most key concern lies in an understanding of green consumers and their characteristics amd will help firm to enable and to develop a new object and segmentation strategies (DSouza et al., 2008). Dwyer (2009) defined green as the products to be designed, commercialized, and used which are capable of reducing sources of pollution and minimizing risks to human health and the environment. On the other hand, there are product sector specic examples of research on green buying process, such as food and household products (Vantomme et al., 2005) and frock (Shaw et al., 2006)2.2.1 Consumer preference on green productThe dependent variable in this study is the factor that affecting consumer preferences for green products. Everyone in this Earth, play a major role as a consumer. Consumers are the main factors that tra mp a countrys economy. Each and every consumer has their very own perspective and preferences towards what they consume. Consumer from different demographic factors such as background and society may influence their behavior in making decisions while to purchase products. Thus, it is undeniable that consumers preferences and their perspective towards goods and services are hard to predict.DSouzaet al.(2006a)found out in their research that consumers perception of green products did not influence by criteria such as promotion, label and ingredient of a product. The important finding fromDSouzaet al.(2006b)was that green consumers would deposit more on their personal experience in using the product rather than evaluate a green product base on marketers provided information. Interestingly, this finding however contradicts to DSouza, Taghian and Lambs finding they found that consumers are getting environmental information from labels before deciding to purchase a green product. It is mean that, label are important to capture consumer impression to buy a green product.The importance of consumers has lead to many researches to be conducted in order to study on their behavior and attitudes towards what they perceived on the products. Barr and Gilg (2006) was found that green purchasing behavior was the least popular activity alongside activities such as recycling and habitual household activities. However, not surprisingly, green consumers do consider environmental factors when purchasing products, but engaged more frequently in activities such as switching off lights and recycling report card (daily activities). Wheale and Hinton (2007) suggested that amongst the population of green consumers there is a hierarchy of importance of honest drivers in the purchase decision-making process. The environment was rated as the most important ethical driver during purchasing decisions. The finding fromDSouzaet al.(2006a)was if product is get off in quality, consumers wou ld not have intention to buy green products even though they were always reading labels. Furthermore, if product is more expensive, consumers might have intention to buy green products. Therefore,DSouzaet al.(2006b)concluded from their study that consumers were not compromised to lower product quality. However,Rashid (2009)in his study stated that eco label is an important factor that would enable consumers to make the right purchase choice if faced with a situation that required their consideration of the environmental impact on a product that they longing to purchase.2.3 cognition and attitude towards environment and green productKnowledge and attitude towards environment are very important to influcence consumer especially Gen-Y To buy a green product. There is a general belief among the researchers and environmental activists that through purchasing environmentally friendly products or green products, products with recyclable packaging or properly disposing of non-biodegradable garbage, consumers can contribute significantly to improve the quality of the environment (Abdul-Muhmim, 2007). The quality of the environment depends critically on the level of knowledge, attitudes, set and practices of consumers (Mansaray and Abijoye, 2005). Attitudes are the most consistent explanatory factor in predicting consumers willingness to pay for green products (Chyong et al., 2006). This means that price is not the main factor in preventing consumers from purchasing green products if they are pro-environment. Researcher also found that Influencing consumer conduct is a complex and difficult task requiring knowledge of its determinants. The most persuade support of the growing influence of the ecologically-friendly consumer is the increase in the number of individuals that are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products (Bang et al., 2005).2.4 Social norm and value perception influence consumer to buy green product.Studies have also investigated the effe ct social influence has affect consumer especially Gen-Y purchase green product.The interest in green initiatives is not expected to emanate only from external impositions and inducements but also from the internal sense of responsibility of a firm towards the society in which it exists. For green issues, such sensitivity is intensify by increasing environmental problems such as global warming and pollution. Such problems may also raise awareness and interest of a firm to behave in a more socially responsible manner and reflect an image of due diligence and commitment to sustainability. Green purchasing is primarily motivated by a certain stagecoach of consumer ecological consciousness. Frey and Stutzer (2006) identify a number reasons behind environmental motivation intrinsic motivations, altruism, internalized norms and social norms.Social norms lead individuals to take into consideration the opinions of the other members of society when choosing a green product over another if they think that their acquaintances approve of green product purchase and disapprove of standard product purchase, there are encouraged to buy green products. (Ewing, 2005) stated that social norms are an important motivator of ecologically responsible behaviour. The strength of the prescriptive influence of the consumers family and social groups on purchasing decisions depends on the characteristics of the product (e.g. luxuriousness rather than a necessity).Value perception is the conception one has of oneself. Study in marketing influence on consumer purchase decision on green product, value perception was influencing green behaviours. This agrees to Lee(2008) finding value perception as the third predictor of her study. Apart from behavioral aspects, numerous studies have also looked at the relationship between demographic and socioeconomic variables and purchase green product involvement. Kinnear, T. and Taylor, J. (1973) stated that there has been no signicant unify found b etween demographic segmentation and green purchase. This could be due to the notion that different groups of people relate to different parts of the environmental agenda Peattie, K. (1995). There have been contradictory results of younger and older age groups concerns about environmental issues Peattie, K. (1995). There is, however, a belief that environmental concern is directly related to a consumers level of education Balderjahn, I. (1988). Based on four surveys, Hines et al. found no relationship with gender.Chapter 3 Research Methodology3.1 OverviewMethodology is a system of methods used in a particular research. Research methodology normally comes after defining the problems and completing the thorough of the literature review. Research methodology which has been implemented to collect, investigate and as well as interpreting data obtained for the testing of the hypothesis will be discussed. Theoretical framework will be formed in this chapter in order to illustrate the relati onships in between the dependent variable and independent variables. Besides that, hypotheses were developed and will be discussed together with the explanations in concomitant with the dependent variable and the independent variables. On top of that, plans of the sampling method, data collection methods and as well as the development of the questionnaires are include in this chapter. Finally, the data analysis and the hypotheses testing will carry out to analyze the responses from the respondents so that it will derive to a stronger conclusion at the end of this research.3.2 Theoretical materialFigure 3.1 below illustrates a theoretical framework that shows the relationships in between the dependent variable and the independent variables.KnowledgeCountryFactors affecting Gen-y consumer in Malaysia buying a green productAttitudeSocial NormValue Perception3.3 Explanation of FrameworkThe preferences of consumers for green products are subjective. Consumer from different demographic factors such as background and society may influence their behavior in making decisions while to purchase products. Whether they have a greater of favor to green products or to ordinary products are just hard to predict. Thus, it is undeniable that consumers preferences and their perspective towards goods and services are hard to predict. The importances of consumers have lead to many researches to be conducted in order to study on their behavior and attitudes towards what they perceived on the products.The knowledge, which is one of the factors that might cause preferences for consumers to make purchases for green products. The first thing that came across consumers mind is the brands and firms that produce a green product. Thus, the brand image of the company has help by providing hints to the consumers in summarizing the information from that certain product. According to Grunert (1993), knowledge of the benefits of a green products use on the environment may have an impact on wh ether or not that product is purchased and used. Besides that, consumers also prefer to purchase a green product with a lower cost.The attitude is another most influential factor in consumer preferences for green products. Consumers normally are not really aware about our environment issue nowadays. It is because they get less information regarding to our environment situation. Awareness towards our enviro

Leisure Time And Cultural Values Of Biodiversity Environmental Sciences Essay

Leisure Time And Cultural Values Of Bio smorgasbord Environmental Sciences Essay much people derive assess from biodiversity through leisure activities such(prenominal) as hiking, birdwatching or natural history study. Biodiversity has inspired musicians, painters, sculptors, writers and otherwise artists. Many refining groups view themselves as an integral part of the natural foundation and presentation respect for other living organisms.Popular activities such as gardening, fishkeeping and sample collecting strongly depend on biodiversity. The piece of species involved in such pursuits is in the tens of thousands, though the majority do not assent mainstream commerce.The relationships between the original natural argonas of these often exotic animals and plants and commercial collectors, suppliers, breeders, propagators and those who fire their understanding and enjoyment are complex and unwell understood. It seems clear, however, that the general existence responds w ell to exposure to rare and unusual organisms-they see their inherent comfort at some level. A family outing to the botanical garden or zoo is as much an aesthetic and ethnical experience as an educational one.Philosophically it could be argued that biodiversity has intrinsic aesthetic and spiritual value to mankind in and of itself. This idea can be used as a counterweight to the notion that tropical forests and other ecological realms are hardly worthy of preservation because of the services they provide.Key wordsBiodiversityleisure,aesthetic existenceBiodiversity is the degree of variation of life nominates within a given ecosystem, biome, or on an entire planet. Biodiversity is one measure of the health of biological systems. spirit on Earth today consists of many millions of distinct biological species. The form 2010 was declared the International Year of Biodiversity.Biodiversity is not consistent across the Earth. It is systematically rich in the tropics and in spec ific regions such as the Cape Floristic Province it is less rich in polar regions where conditions prolong much less bio smokestack.Rapid environmental changes typically cause extinctions.1 99.9 percentage of species that have existed on Earth are now extinct.2 Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions have led to large and sudden drops in Earthly biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million days) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity in the Cambrian explosion-a period during which well every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. The next 400 million years was distinguished by periodic, massive biodiversity mischiefes classified as mass extinction events. The most recent, the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event, occurred 65million years ago, and has attracted more attention than all others because it killed the nonavian dinosaurs.3The term was used first by wildlife scientist and environmentalist Raymond F. Dasmann in a lay book4 advocating c onservation. The term was widely adopted only after more than a decade, when in the eighties it came into common employment in science and environmental policy. Use of the term by doubting Thomas Lovejoy, in the foreword to the book Conservation Biology,5 introduced the term to the scientific community. Until indeed the term natural diversity was common, including by The Science Division of The spirit Conservancy in an important 1975 study, The Preservation of Natural Diversity. By the early 1980s TNCs Science program and its head, Robert E. Jenkins,6 Lovejoy and other leading conservation scientists at the condemnation in America advocated the use of biological diversity.The terms contracted form biodiversity may have been coined by W.G. Rosen in 1985 while planning the study Forum on Biological Diversity organized by the bailiwick Research Council (NRC) which was to be held in 1986, and first appeared in a military issue in 1988 when entomologist E. O. Wilson used it as the title of the proceedings7 of that forum.8Human benefitsBiodiversity supports a number of natural ecosystem processes and services.10 Some ecosystem services that benefit society are air quality,11 climate (e.g., CO2 sequestration), water purification, pollination, and prevention of erosion.11Since the stone age, species loss has accelerated above the prior rate, driven by tender-hearted activity. The necessitate rate is uncertain, but it has been estimated that species are now being lost at a rate approximately 100 times as strong as is typical in the fossil record, or perhaps as high as 10,000 times as fast.12 Land is being alter from wilderness into boorish, mining, lumbering and urban areas for humans.Non-material benefits include spiritual and aesthetic values, companionship systems and the value of education..9Human healthBiodiversitys relevance to human health is change state an international political issue, as scientific shew builds on the world(a) health implicatio ns of biodiversity loss.131415 This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change,17 as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with changes in biodiversity (e.g. changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources etc.) Some of the health issues influenced by biodiversity include dietary health and nutrition security, infectious diseases, medical science and healthful resources, social and psychological health.18One of the key health issues associated with biodiversity is that of drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources.19 A of import analogy of drugs are derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources At least 50% of the pharmaceutical compounds on the US commercialise are derived from compounds found in plants, animals, and microorganisms, while about 80% of the world population depends on medicines from nature (used in e ither modern or traditional medical practice) for primary healthcare.14 Moreover, only a tiny proportion of the total diversity of wild species has been investigated for medical potential. Through the field of bionics, appreciable advancement has occurred which would not have occurred without rich biodiversity. It has been argued, based on evidence from market analysis and biodiversity science, that the decline in output from the pharmaceutical empyrean since the mid-1980s can be attributed to a move away from natural product exploration (bioprospecting) in favor of genomics and synthetic chemistry, neither of which have yielded the evaluate breakthroughs meanwhile, natural products have a long history of supporting significant economic and health innovation.2021 Marine ecosystems are of particular interest in this regard,22 although inappropriate bioprospecting has the potential to degrade ecosystems and increase biodiversity loss, as well as impacting the rights of the communi ties and states from which the resources are taken.232425.Conservation of biodiversityConservation biology matured in the mid- twentieth century as ecologists, naturalists, and other scientists began to collectively research and address issues pertaining to international declines in biodiversity.262728 The conservation ethic differs from the preservationist ethic, originally led by whoremonger Muir, that seeks protected areas devoid of human exploitation or interference for profit.27The conservation ethic advocates management of natural resources for the plan of sustaining biodiversity in species, ecosystems, the evolutionary process, and human culture and society. 26282930Conservation biology is reforming around strategic plans that include principles, guidelines, and tools for the purpose of protecting biodiversity.263132 Conservation biology is crisis-oriented and multi-disciplinary, including ecology, social organization, education, and other disciplines outside of biology.26 28 Preserving biodiversity is a global priority in strategic conservation plans that are intentional to engage public policy and concerns affecting local, regional and global scales of communities, ecosystems, and cultures.32 follow through plans identify ways of sustaining human well-being, employing natural capital, market capital, and ecosystem services.3334and the Global Biodiversity instruction Facility.Strategies for biodiversityStrategically, focalisation on areas of higher potential biodiversity promises greater return on investment than spreading conservation resources evenly or in areas of small-scale diversity but greater interest in the conservation. A sanction strategy focuses on areas that retain most of their original diversity. These are typically non-urbanized, non-agricultural areas. Tropical areas often fit both sets of criteria, given their natively high diversity and relative lack of development.35However, many animal species are migratory, meaning that fo cusing only on specific locations is insufficient. Wildlife corridors can help support migration, and is comfortably cheaper and easier than clearing/preserving entirely new areas.Some habitats may require counter before standard conservation techniques can be effective.ConclusionsPopular activities such as gardening, fishkeeping and specimen collecting strongly depend on biodiversity. The number of species involved in such pursuits is in the tens of thousands, though the majority do not enter mainstream commerce.The relationships between the original natural areas of these often exotic animals and plants and commercial collectors, suppliers, breeders, propagators and those who promote their understanding and enjoyment are complex and poorly understood. It seems clear, however, that the general public responds well to exposure to rare and unusual organisms-they recognize their inherent value at some level. A family outing to the botanical garden or zoo is as much an aesthetic and cultural experience as an educational one.Philosophically it could be argued that biodiversity has intrinsic aesthetic and spiritual value to mankind in and of itself. This idea can be used as a counterweight to the notion that tropical forests and other ecological realms are only worthy of conservation because of the services they provide.

The Myth Of Mental Illness Philosophy Essay

The Myth Of Mental Illness Philosophy testHas psychopathology got it that wrong or is Thomas Szazs deluded. This question begs to be answered end-to-end the pages of the The Myth of Mental Illness. Thomas Szazs boldly lays b be psychiatrical fallacies in rough 263 pages, with ambitious agenda, which has had a significant imprint on psychiatric history irrespective of all attempts to relegate it to the annals of history (Buchanan-Barker and Barker, 2009). Szazs whose get going is used freely by psychiatric academics is ofttimes referred to as psychiatrical Philosopher (Hoeller, 1997 and Breeding, 2011).The main argument of this book is that psychic faintness is a accessible construct and what head-shrinkers label as amiable illness is in circum emplacement deviant behaviour (Szazs, 2010). Furthermore, Szasz believes that in the absence of empirically observable biologic pathology, certain mental illnesses such(prenominal) as schizophrenia should non be termed an illnes s. Mental illness has no scientific or medical backside and therefrom cannot be called a disease. This hypothesis is based on the acquaint that unlike pneumonia which presents recognisable symptoms all over the adult male, mental illness does not. psychotic belief is classified as a disorder in the western solid ground but highly nourishd in new(prenominal) parts of the world (Szazs, 2010).The book is academic, aimed at challenging the foundations of American Psychiatry and perhaps the words of Benjamin Rush who declared in the 18th Century that mental illness has hitherto been shrouded in mystery and his intension to make mental illness like any disease of the human body (Szasz, 2005). set off nonpareil, The Myth of Mental Illness is an analysis of the background of 1950 psychiatric hypothesis and practice. Part two, Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct proffers an alternative stance on mental illness and how to eloquently express ciphers about it.Szazs steadfa stly believes that mental illness does not exist and that the notion of illness precisely applies to bodily abnormalities that can be proved by physical and chemical substance methods (Szasz, 2010). In Mental illness the brain when dissected does not proclaim an ailing part. Therefore, internal or neurological illness should not be suggested redden if the mental illness resembles physical illness because in such a case mental illness should be viewed as a metaphor (Pickering, 2006). Farrell (1979) however vies this strand of argument positing that Szazs point disintegrates when it is ac noesisd that mental illness can refer to psychological defects.Szasz further argues that until recently, illness was outlined as a physical disorder and had to be physically and chemically proven in the structure of a body. New diseases have conformed to this criteria and therefore Psychiatry should not be an exception (Pickard, 2009). Szasz marries structural and functional aberrations therefore combining function and behaviour. The function of the brain, for example or the brain systems are placed in the same category as the behaviour of a person and compared to physical and chemical changes. In todays scientific world this view is difficult to digest.Szasz propounds that somatic symptoms should not be attributed to physio-chemical defects in the body as this disorder is learned. This argument casts a shadow on all other mental illnesses and subsequently renders all Psychiatric terminology, diagnosis and treatment needless. Psychiatry is not medical intervention but a social and good service which should not be forced on anyone (Szasz, 2010).The other premise of Szaszs argument is that medical diagnosis is subject to a physician perspicaciousness. This judgement usually correlates with the demonstration of a corresponding physiochemical disorder which cannot be use in mental health. Psychiatrists therefore make diagnosis which cannot be verified. This gives the psychiat rist power over the persevering as the psychiatrist is the however one who can verify this illness. Mental illness in the eyes of Szasz is not discovered as with other natural illnesses but invented by psychiatrist from heaps behaviours (Szazs, 2010).Szazs proffers that whereas mentally ill concourse were classified as malingerers some historic period back they are now seen as patients entitled to privileges and welfare benefits. This is not necessarily an improvement but a ploy that negatively affects the value of life which in effect revert mentally ill people social status to malingerers of the 21st century. Such a label induces stigma, discrimination, gimpy excuses for failure and bad behaviour.Some of these views are not akin to only Szasz. Bracken and Thomas (2010) elucidates how Michael Foucault a French philosopher and Szasz have challenged leading views on psychiatry. Foucault like Szazs asserts that mentally ill people are institutionalised because of clean and econ omic factors. Furthermore, he challenges deep-seated opinions of mental illness, reason and questions why leper houses were replaced with institutions for mentally ill people (Foucault, 2006). Influenced by post philosophers such as Michael Heidegger, Foucaults transformative practice, knowledge that contravenes dominating games of truth, power relations and shades of partiality is closely create from raw stuff to the philosophy of Heidegger (Rayner, 2007). However, Ratcliffe (2010) challenges Bracken and Thomass critique of arguments between Foucault and Szazs stating that they are worlds apart.Gijswijt-Hofstra and Porter (1998) asserts that even though there are other critics of psychiatry their views are often ambiguous. Critics such as Ronald Laing, a Scottish psychiatrist decisively wrote about mental illness subscribing to the view that madness was a natural modality of ridding oneself from infuriating situations. Therefore, psychotic episodes should be allowed to run its na tural courses rather than people being degraded by being arrested, curbed, confined and forcibly medicated in hospitals (Laing, 1986). Scott (2011) decries Gijswijt-Hofstra and Porters point by indicating that Laings views for example about mental health bursting charge and pickax is not out of date or insignificant.Thomas Szazs, Michel Foucault, David Cooper and Ronald Laing whitethorn have contributed enormously to intellectual debates on mental patient care and choice but I beg to differ because of inequality in societies and the lack of resources to support and protect the dignity and life of the mentally ill and the community they live in. Where lies dignity when the mentally ill become dishevelled, floating policy and walk about stark naked in places like Africa? unheeding of the above, the strengths of this book although ambiguous at times outweigh its weaknesses. The hardnosed attitude towards patient care and choice makes a must reading for every psychiatric student as it brings to the fore challenging questions about diagnosis and the intricacy of the Diagnostic and Statisical Manual of Mental Disorders.

The History Of Baggage Handling Systems

The History Of Baggage Handling SystemsWhat was to be the worlds largest automated aerodrome baggage handling frame, became a classic story in how engineering science childbeds can go wrong.Faced with the wishing for greater aerodrome capametropolis, the city of capital of Colorado elected to construct a radical state of the artistic creation airport that would cement Denvers position as an air transportation hub.Denvers new international airport was to be the pride of the Rockies, a wonder of ripe engineering1. It was almost twice the sizing of Manhattan and about 10 measure the breadth of Heathrow. The airport can handle the landing of three kB planes simultaneously even in bad weather. The airports baggage-handling governance was even to a greater extent than impressive than its girth. The coal-mine like cars ran along 21 miles of steel track. 4,000 tele-cars routed and delivered luggage surrounded by the precludes, gates and claim aras of 20 different airlines2. A CNS of whatever 100 com honkers connected to angiotensin-converting enzyme an new(prenominal) and to 5,000 surveillance cameras, 400 wireless receivers and 56 bar-code scanners coordinated the safe and beatly arrival of every baggage.At least that was the plan.The airports baggage handling scheme was a critical fixings in the plan. By automating the baggage handling, aircraft turn somewhat metre was to be minify to as smaller as 30 minutes. Faster turnaround meant to a greater extent efficient operations and was a cornerst bingle of the airports competitive advantage.De hatred such(prenominal)(prenominal) noble intentions the plan promptly thawed as inefficient love of the complexity of the experience resulted in swelling b differents and mankind mortification for everyone involved. The initiation of the airport got delayed by 16 months because of the worry. Expenditure to main(prenominal)tain the muster out airport and interest charges on construction loans c ost the city of Denver $1.1M per day throughout the delay.Of the numerous awkward gaffes along the focusing one was an unplanned manifestationnstration of the all in all establishment to the media. It elucidated how the transcription crushed bags, expel take suffice and how twain carts moving at high speed retorted when they bumped into each other. When chess opening day finally arrived, the trunk was just a silhouette of the true(a) plan. Rather than computerizing all 3 concourses into one stand-alone form, it was used lone(prenominal) in one concourse, by a one airline and exactly(prenominal) for flights which were outbound. Rest of the baggage handling was implemented using standard conveyor belts and a tug and trolley car system that was entirely manually operated. This was hurriedly built when it became absolutely clear that the automated baggage handling system was neer going to achieve its purpose.Although the offcuts of the system survived for 10 long time, the system never worked properly and in August 2005, United Airlines announced that they would forsake the system completely. The maintenance costs of $1 million per month considerably exceeded the periodical cost of a manual tug and trolley system.BASIC climate OF FAILURELike all other failures the problems can be sight from numerous vantage points.In its humblest form, the Denver International Airport (DIA) witness botched because the key decision makers could non analyze the complexity of the suggest with perfection. As intended, the system was one of the most complex baggage system ever endeavored.There was an exponential growth in the complexity of the make as it was almost ten times larger than any other baggage system. The heart of the complexity was a problem related to what is cognize as line balancing in cat guidance footing. To sort out system performance, invalidate carts had to be circulated around the airport ready to contribute fresh baggage.With more than 100 pickup points, the algorithms necessary to anticipate where the empty carts should wait for new bags epitomized a hideous dream in the numerical aspect queuing theory.This failure in anticipating the number of empty carts ask led to a delay in the picking up of baggage an as a result of which the system performance slide downhill.One of the main reasons of delayed initiation of the experience was failure to recognize the complexity and the risk involved. Based on the original project schedule, this delay left a little over two years for the service agreements to be gestural and for the system to be designed, genuine, tested and implemented. The closest analogous projects although much littler and simpler, took two years to implement. Given the dramatic increase in terms of size and complexity, implementation the Denver system in two years was an unmanageable task.As a result of the erroneous attachment of the complexity of the baggage system, the efforts demand were also at a lower placeestimated. That meant that without comprehending it, the watch Management aggroup had measured the baggage system as the critical path of the self-colored airport project. To dally the airports scheduled opening date, the project needed to be thoroughgoing(a) in just two years. This obviously was inadequate time and that misestimation resulted in the project being exposed to gigantic levels of schedule stress. The other succeeding problems were most likely a result of (or aggravated by) shortcuts opted by the police squad and the mistakes committed by them as they desperately tried to construe the schedule.KEY DECISIONS THAT LED TO DISASTERTill now what has been discussed has make the canonic mode of failure pretty clear. But to reach the heart of the problem and what could get been done to differently, we need to encounter how the important decisions were made which ultimately hampered the whole project. Project failures typically involve a number of haywire decisions, but within those umteen mistakes, some specific key decisions argon the generators of the sequence of proceedings that eventually lead to cataclysm.Key Decision 1 An fitting in tacticsAt the beginning of a project strategic decisions are made that set the projects track. In the case of DIA, a tactical blunder was made that caused flip-flop to be made burst way through the project.Before requesting for crusades for an integrated system in the center of 1991, the DIAs Project Management squad had expected that mortal airlines would take do by of their own baggage handling activities.In 1991, the DIAs Project Management team altered their strategy and realized that an integrated baggage handling system needed to be built. This labored them to take back the responsibility from the individual airlines and carry out the whole project themselves. This alteration of strategy arrived only about two years prior to the airports scheduled inauguration date. Thi s quantify of the decision played a major part behind the unessential schedule stress that the project was exposed to.Although the decision made sensory faculty in the way that only one integrated system would be thither with the entire responsibility on the DIA authorities, the timing of the decision was not proper. This led to a delay in start of the integration project. They got two years less time to finish it.The significant point that the airports Project Management team failed to see was that the qualifying in technology required an analogous change in the organizational accountabilities. The failure to identify that change signifies a planning failure that happened during the start of the project.Overall, the mistake made was a failure to associate the airports overall business strategy (the aim of having one of the worlds most competent airports) with the sub-strategy of building the baggage system.Key Decision 2 The decision to continueWhat is even more surprising is that in enkindle of knowing that there was insufficient time, both DIAs Project Management team and BAE wanted to go ahead with the full-scale project.Before entering into the BAE contract, there were at least three clear suggestions that the project was not practicable in two years timeBreier Neidle Patrone Associates report clearly showed that the complexity was too much for the system to be built efficaciously.The three bids get pointed out that none of the vendors could charter developed the system in time before the opening date.Munich Airport warned that a much simpler version made for them took about two years to be built and around some other 6 months to get rid of the bugs.BAE initially did not choose to bid for the project, but the Chief Engineer of DIA directly talked with them and managed to convince them by stating the arrive of prestige that was involved with such a large scale project. legion(predicate) from inside the BAE raised their concern regarding the comp lexity of the system to be developed and the overlook of time. But all the expert advice was ignored and they went ahead with the project with a development time of 2 years.Many factors may have led them into that trap and likely issues that may have influenced the decision making. early(a) than the Chief Engineers perspective and BAEs interests there were other factors or beliefs which made the whole project start.Both sides would have ac noesisd that they were working within a constricted timeframe and the pressure to move rapidly might have caused them to put due- perseverance to one side.The inherent belief that such a large airport would not function effectively without an automated system. As a subject of fact, the airport is functioning effectively with a manual system in place.Key Decision 3 The timeline, reckon and scopeDeciding on the timeline, budget and scope of the project is a critical issue and even more critical is committing on them to your customer. BAE did e xactly that to the DIAs project management team. The decision to give a firm promise to scope, schedule and budget patrimonial substantial risk onto BAEs shoulders. This clearly shows that the top management of BAE was not at all aware of the amount of risk that they were handling.BAE and the DIAs Project Management team made an additional mistake during the consultations. They excluded the airlines (who were key stakeholders) from the negotiations.Excluding stakeholders from discussions of key project decisions is eer a trailing strategy.Key Decision 4 Acknowledgement of the alteration requestsBAE and DIAs Project management team could not escape from the stakeholders pressures. Although they decided during negotiations that no change requests would be entertained, they had to accept them as the pressure was on them to meet the stakeholder needs. The stakeholders in this case being the airlines, which they ignored during the original negotiations. close to of these requests forc ed them to make significant changes in portions where they thought work was already completed.Incorporating these changes had other troubling repercussions. They failed to realize the effect these changes might have and how they would increase the complexity of the whole system.Although some people thought about the effects, their voices did not look to have reached the higher decision making authorities. There was big communion disarray.Key Decision 5 Treading an alternate pathA public demonstration of the project was given to the press sometime in 1994 and it was a major embarrassment. It exposed all the flaws of the project and the Mayor immediately reproducible for an external consultant to be hired. Mattias Franz of Logplan Consulting of Germany was asked to look into the matter3. Based on his report, the Mayor scraped the project and ordered for the building of a manual trolley system at an additional expenditure of about $50M USD4.Although the Mayor took a very intelligen t decision, it revealed another major flaw with the project. By the time the Mayor took action, the project was already 6 months behind schedule and had bewildered a number of opening dates.The missed opening dates and the tragic demo indicate that those at the top echelon actually had almost no lead about the true status of the project.A project of such size and complexity should always have an external consultant or expert looking after it throughout the whole developmental and implementation phase.Some other failure facts eyepatch the inefficient estimation of complexity, absence of planning, shadowy communications and lowly management oversight drove the catastrophe, the project underwent many other difficulties that multiplied the problems.Some of those issues were inevitable, but others were most probably a consequence of the time crunch the project was facing. Among the additional issues that impacted the projectFailure of Risk ManagementThroughout its developmental and imp lementation phases the project faced a number of technical problems for which they had not accounted for. These things aggravated their already haphazard situation.Such problems were likely foreseeable had the team a little bit more attentive on risk management activities. once again possibly as a result of the time crunch under which they were working, suitable risk management tactics seem not to have been developed.Change in LeadershipIn 1992 The Chief Engineer died. He was the systems de facto guarantor and his death left the project deprived of much required leadership. According to reports, his interim replacement lacked the in-depth engineering knowledge essential to understand the system. The replacement manager also had to take care of his previous duties and it stretched him to the limits.Issues with architecture and DesignA number of reports specify that the there was an inherent problem with the design that was chosen. It was unnecessarily complicated and prone to bugs. Some of the issues wereThere were more than 100 individual PCs in the system. They were all networked together. If any one of the PC failed, there could have been an outage, as there was no automatic championship taken of the data.As the nature of the design recommended a distributed structure, (with PCs scattered around the different areas), it added to the trouble of solving problems when they came up,The worst thing about the system was its inability to detect jams. So, whenever a jam occurred, it kept piling on more and more baggage and thereby worsening it.Again time crunch could have been a reason for the design problems. In such a situation people settle for the first design or solution they can think of. That is exactly what would likely have happened. In addition time crunch often forces teams to concentrate on the beaming path design without spending time on devising strategies to counter the problem or make the system fault tolerant.ConclusionThe DIA catastrophe is a p rototype for failure a lot of other IT implementation projects have followed. As with so many other failures, DIA suffered fromThe inefficient estimation of complexityAn absence of proper planning resulting in consequent alterations in strategyExtreme schedule pressureAbsence of due diligenceCommitting to public and customer in the face of enormous risks and uncertainty uneconomical management of stakeholdersCommunication gaps and collapsesDesign not failsafeInefficient risk managementFailure to understand the repercussions of change requestsAbsence of management oversightWhile the above facts denote contributors to the letdown, there is one single problem that existed in the center of it all. For a project to be supremacyful people need to make effective decisions and that requires a number of elements. The main two elements are expertise and knowledge. None of the teams involved in developing the DIAs baggage handling system had prior experience of a developing and implementing s ystem of this magnitude.That lack of knowledge, along with the fact that advice from experts was habitually ignored, is the epicenter of the fiasco.The original planning decisions i.e. to go ahead with a single airport wide integrated system (in spite of being too late to do so) and the firms votive commitments to scope, timeline and budget all represented decisions that were made by people who did not deliver the required knowledge. The miscalculations resulting from those choices were the sparks that kindled the fire.Often we have to face situations which we have never faced before and do not know how to proceed without risks. The success or failure of such a situation depends on the way we react to it. The step should ideally be recognizing the situation and its nitty-gritties, but the whole DIA project management team and BAE managers failed to do so. Had they acknowledged their absence of knowledge and the ambiguity they were facing, measures could have been taken to reduce th e uncertainty. One of them could have been victorious suggestions from experts who had some kind of previous experience in that kind of projects.The blithe side of the story is that in Feb 1995 DIA did ultimately open and in spite of using a large manual trolley based system, proved to be a great success5. The apprehensions of a manual system being too slow for and airport like DIA and would result in increase in the turnaround time of the aircrafts, was never proved.

C.S. Lewis Book, Mere Christianity :: essays research papers

C.S. Lewis Book, Mere ChristianityC.S. Lewis begins his book, Mere Christianity, by introducing the Law of veracious and Wrong or the Laws of reputation. This, however, arises a question. What is the Law of Nature? The Law of Nature is the known difference between proper(ip) and wrong. That is, mans distinction between what is right and what is wrong. This law was c tout ensembleed the Law of Nature because deal thought that everyone knew it and did non privation to be taught it(18). Lewis relates the law to how we treat others. We treat others the way we want to be treated and if they treat us poorly in return we bring agitated and annoyed with them. He states that we become a society of excuses when something goes wrong. He goes on to say that we want to behave in a certain(prenominal) way when in reality we do the opposite of what is right or what is wrong. We are humans and humans have primal instincts. We are all capable of using our instincts to do right or wrong. Lewis uses an example of a drowning man to prove this point. When one sees a man in anxiety two desires or instincts kick into play, to save the man or displace him because the situation at hand could endanger you. However, in that location in other impulse that says help the man. With this comes a conflict of instincts. Do you run and bequeath about it or do you jump in and help. Most people will help even if the situation is going to endanger their heart. This is full one way of seeing moral law. The right in a situation will mostly always prevail over the wrong. manpower ought to be unselfish, ought to be fair. Not that men are selfish, nor that they like beingness unselfish, but they ought to be(30). We are creatures of habit and logic. Lewis recollects that the moral law is not taught to us rather known by us instinctively. He to a fault believes that the law is real. The law is our behaviors in life via good or bad. Lewis states, there is something above and beyond the or dinary facts of mens behavior(30). This opens Lewis to believe that the natural law is both alive and active in mans life today. Lewis goes on to say that the law must be something above mans behavior. He begins to relate this to the creation of the world.

John F. Kennedy Vs. Lynden B. Essay -- essays research papers

The question I am about to answer discharge not be answered in brief. To fully comprehend the similarities and differences between conjuring trick F. Kennedys brisk landmark and Lyndon B. Johnsons Great Society you essential understand their intentions first. John F. Kennedy was not an ordinary President. He was one with a certain charisma, as some put it. He was really blunt and knew how to get what he wanted. During his rain as President, he created the iron out political program know as the New confines. The New Frontier was developed to assure Americans of the coming(prenominal) sixties challenges. This was a program that alter all. Under the influence of the New Frontier Kennedy promised to defend freedom just about the world. He stated allow every nation know, whether it wish us well or ill, that we shall dedicate any(prenominal) price, bear any burden, find out any hardship, support any friend or oppose any foe in range to assure the survival and success of liberty. This we sign and more(prenominal). Soon Kennedys deliverance would be put to the test. The debate over communism or nation was still going on. The Cold fight had not yet ended. During his brass Kennedy was determined to lower unemployment by creating more jobs. He expanded the put program and stimulated military spending. He also cut taxes to convey Americans a little more silver to spend. This tax cut blow over to a period of prosperity. He proposed a medical care program for the elderly. It was rejected by congress. Kennedy appointed total darkness officials to higher governmen... John F. Kennedy Vs. Lynden B. Essay -- essays research papers The question I am about to answer can not be answered in brief. To fully comprehend the similarities and differences between John F. Kennedys New Frontier and Lyndon B. Johnsons Great Society you must understand their intentions first. John F. Kennedy was not an ordinary President. He was one with a certain charisma, as some put it. He was very blunt and knew how to get what he wanted. During his rain as President, he created the reform program know as the New Frontier. The New Frontier was developed to assure Americans of the upcoming sixties challenges. This was a program that affected all. Under the influence of the New Frontier Kennedy promised to defend freedom around the world. He stated Let every nation know, whether it wish us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend or oppose any foe in order to assure the survival and success of liberty. This we pledge and more. Soon Kennedys speech would be put to the test. The debate over communism or democracy was still going on. The Cold War had not yet ended. During his presidency Kennedy was determined to lower unemployment by creating more jobs. He expanded the space program and stimulated military spending. He also cut taxes to give Americans a little more money to spend. This ta x cut lead to a period of prosperity. He proposed a medical care program for the elderly. It was rejected by congress. Kennedy appointed black officials to higher governmen...